Transcript Psyc 552 Ergonomics & Biomechanics

Psyc 552
Ergonomics & Biomechanics
Lecture 3
Anatomy & Work Evaluation

Primary tool of ergonomists is surface
anatomy.

The objective is to visualize the structures below
the skin.
Anatomical Position





Standing erect
Head, eyes, & toes
forward
Heels and toes together
Upper limbs handing
by side
Palms facing anteriorly.
Anatomical Planes

Median…

Sagittal…

Coronal…

Horizontal, transverse,
axial…
Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1023.html
Directional Terms

Superior…

Inferior…

Anterior…

Posterior…
Directional Terms (cont)

Medial…

Lateral…

Proximal…

Distal…
Directional Terms

Superficial…

Ipsilateral…

Deep…

Contralateral…

Parietal…

Visceral…
Describing Movement

Flexion…

Extension…

Hyperextension…

Abduction…
Describing Movement (cont)

Abduction…

Adduction…

Opposition…

Protraction…
Describing Movement (cont)

Retraction…

Elevation…

Depression…

Circumduction…
Describing Movement (cont)

Rotation…

Medial rotation…

Lateral rotation…
Describing Movement (cont)

Eversion of the foot…

Inversion of the foot…
Connective tissue

Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and
cartilage are all connective tissue.

Connective tissue provides…
Bones

Osteology – (osteon = bone; logos = study)
can be considered bone or tissue.

Divided into two groups…
Long bones

Shaft / Diaphysis

Head / Epiphyses
Image from http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/appendskellab/head.jpg
Bone Physiology

Cortical bone – compact bone

Cancellous bone – trabecular bone
Bone Architecture

Bone structure varies according to its function

Long bones – are rigid

Tubercles and
tuberosities and
ridges and crests
increase rigidity
Bone Architecture (cont)

Bone elasticity results from organic matter

Rigidity results from lamella…
Image from http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/image/b11/20a3.htm
Bone Architecture (cont)

Spongy bone…
Image from http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/bone/spongy_bone_histology.htm
Factors affecting bones…
The Spine



7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
Image fromhttp://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1286.html

Lordosis


Concave anteriorly convex
posteriorly
Kyphosis

Convex anteriorly and
concave posteriorly
Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1277.html
Joints

Arthrology (arthros = joints; logos = study)

Types



Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous Joints
Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm
Cartilaginous Joints
Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm
Synovial Joints
Image from http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/joints.HTM#synovial
Synovial Joints (cont)…
Joint Lubrication

Boundary lubrication…

Squeeze film lubrication
Joint Movements

Limited by

Tension of ligaments & muscles

Tension of antagonist muscle

Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is to
increase muscle length.
Types of cartilage

Hyaline…

Fibrocartilage…

Elastic cartilage…
Factors Affecting Cartilage…