Transcript general osteology

Skeletal system
• Your bones
manufacture blood
cells.
• Our bones are held
by our muscles
• The smallest bones
are in our ears
Muscular system
• Muscles are bundles
of cells and fibers.
• We have 600 major
muscles.
• We have 240
muscles that have
specific jobs
TMJ
Structure of Bone
Anatomy of a Long Bone
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Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Nutrient Art & Vein
2 Epiphyses
Epiphyseal Plates
Epiphyseal Art & Vein
Periosteum
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Outer: Dense irregular CT
Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Does not cover epiphyses
Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers
• Endosteum
– Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
– Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity
Synovial Joint
pg 215
Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
• Bursae: flat, fibrous sac
w/synovial membrane
lining
• Tendon Sheaths:
elongated bursae that
wraps around tendons
• 3 Factors in Joint
Stability:
pg 219
– Muscle Tone
– Ligaments
– Fit of Articular Surface
pg 224
Joint Shapes
• Hinge: cylindrical end of 1
bone fits into trough shape of
other
– angular movement-1 plane (eg)
elbow, ankle, interphalangal
• Plane: articular surface in flat
plane
– Short gliding movement
– (eg) intertarsal, articular processes
of vertebrae
pg 225
Joint Shapes
• Condyloid: egg-shape articular
surface + oval concavity
– side-to-side, back+forth movement
– (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
• Pivot: round end fits into ring of
bone + ligament
– rotation on long axis
– (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens
Anterior Skull
frontal bone
supraorbi
tal
foramenbone
zygomatic
mandibul
ar
symphysis
mental
foramen
glabella
infraorbit
al
foramen
maxilla
ry bone
alveolar fossa
mandible
Anterior Skull
perpendicular
plate
superior
orbital fissure
inferior nasal
concha bone
nasal
bone
middle nasal
concha
vomer bone
Paranasal Sinuses
frontal sinus
ethmoid
sinus
maxilary sinus
sphenoid sinus
coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoidal
suture
Cranium
frontal bone
parietal bon
occipital bon
Ventral Skull
palatine process
palatine bone
vomer bone
temporal
bone
external occipital
protuberance
sphenoid bone
styloid process
mastoid proces
occipital bone
carotid
canal
jugular
foramen
foramen magnum
Occipital bone
occipital
condyle
squamosal
suture
lacrimal
bone
temporal
bone
external acoustic
meatus
mandibular
condyle
In mandibular
fossa
Lateral Skull
zygomatic arc
sphenoid
bone
sutura
l bone
mastoid process
coronoi
d
process
styloid process
ramus angle body
mandible
Lateral Skull
cribriborm plate
crista galli
lesser wing
greater wing
optic canal
intenal
acoustic
meatus
sella turcica
ugular foramen
Internal
Skull
Hyoid +
external
acoustic
meatus
Hyoid bone
temmporal
mandibular
joint
________
________
Sagittal
Coronal
Lambdoid
Squamous
Overview of Skull Geography
• Facial bones form the anterior aspect
• The cranial bones enclose the brain
Vault
• The cranial vault
or calvaria forms
the superior,
lateral, and
posterior aspects
of skull
• The cranial base
forming the
inferior aspect of
skull
Cranial Base
• Cranial base forms
the skull’s inferior
aspect
• Three prominent
ridges divide the
base into fossae
• The brain rests on
these cranial fossae
completely enclosed
by the cranial vault
• The brain occupies
the cranial cavity
Cranium
• The 8 cranial bones include; 2 parietal, 2 temporal
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
• Cranium is self- bracing allowing the bones to be
thin, yet strong
Occipital bone
• Forms most of the
posterior wall and
base of skull
• Articulates with
parietal &
temporal
• Joins w/ sphenoid
in the cranial floor
• Forms internal
walls of posterior
cranial fossa
Occipital bone - Int. landmarks
• Hypoglossal canal, Posterior cranial fossa
Temporal Bone
• Forms the inferolateral aspects of
the skull
• Parts of the cranial
floor
• Divided into four
regions; squamous
tympanic,
mastoid, and
petrous-(int)
Temporal Bone
• The internal
petrous region
contributes to
the cranial base
• The petrous
region and the
sphenoid bone
form the middle
cranial fossa
Temporal Bone - landmarks
• Zygomatic
process
– Meets the
zygomatic
bone
– Forms the
cheek
• Mandibular
fossa
– Receives
condyle of
mandible
Temporal bones - landmarks
• Stylomastoid
foramen
– exit for facial
nerve
• Carotid canal
– entrance for the
carotid artery
which supplies
blood to
cerebral
hemispheres
Sphenoid bone
• Bone spanning the
width of middle
cranial fossa
• Articulates as
central wedge of all
cranial bones
• Consists of central
body and three
processes; greater
and lesser wings
and pterygoid
process (pos. view)
Sphenoid - landmarks
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Sella turcica (enclosure for pituitary gland)
Optic foramina (passage of optic nerves)
Superior orbital fissure (Nerves III, IV, V enter orbit)
Foramen rotundum & ovale (Cranial Nerve V to face)
Foramen spinosum (Middle meningeal artery)
Ethmoid bone
• Forms most of the
area between the
nasal cavity &
orbits of eyes
• Lies between
nasal bones &
sphenoid
• Complex shape
gives rise to nasal
septum, sinuses
and cribiform
plate
Ethmoid bone - landmarks
• Cribiform plates
– Forms roof of nasal
cavity
• Olfactory formina
– Olfactory nerves
enter brain
• Crista galli
– Attachment of the
dura mater which
secures brain in
cavity
Facial bones
• Consists of 14
bones w/ only
mandible and
vomer unpaired
• Others include
maxillae,
lacrimals, nasals,
zygomatics,
inferior nasal
conchae, and
palatines (not
pictured)
Mandible
• Forms the lower
jaw
• Largest, strongest
bone of the face
• It has a body and
two upwardly
projecting
sections called
rami
• Houses lower
dentition
Mandible - landmarks
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Mandibular angle
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Mandibular
condyle
Alveolar margin
Mandible formina
Mental formina
Ramus of mandible
Maxillary bone
• Forms upper jaw
and central
portion of facial
skeleton
• Fused medially
• Articulates with
all facial bones
except mandible
• Upper dentition
• Forms 2/3 of
hard palate of the
mouth
Zygomatic
process
Maxillary
bone
Maxillary bones - landmarks
• Alveolar margin
– Upper dentition
• Frontal process
– Forms lateral
aspects of nose
• Zygomatic
process
– Articulates with
zygomatic bone
• Maxillary sinuses
– (Fig. 7.11)
Palatine bones
• The horizontal
plates forms the
posterior portion
of hard palate
• Vertical plate
forms part of the
posterolateral
wall of nasal
cavity and a small
portion of orbit
Palatine bones - landmarks
• Horizontal plate
– Posterior section
of hard palate
• Vertical plate
– Part of the
posteriolateral
walls of nasal
cavity
• Orbital surface
– Part of inferior
medial aspect of
orbit
Vomer
• Forms part of
the nasal septum
• Discussed with
the nasal cavity
Vomer - landmarks
• Plow shape
– Divides nasal
septum into
right and left
parts
Inferior Nasal Conchae - Landmark
• The Inferior
nasal conchae is
just one of three
in the nasal
cavity
• Superior and
middle concha
are on the
Ethmoid bone
The Orbits
Paranasal sinuses
• Note positioning
around nasal
cavity
Paranasal sinuses
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Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinuses
Hyoid bone
• Body
– Neck muscle
attachment
• Greater horn
– Neck muscle
attachment
• Lesser horn
TMJ
TMJ Capsule
TMJ Capsule
TMJ Motions
TMJ Motions
Characteristics - Ligaments
• Ligaments hold the
vertebral column in
an upright position
– The broad Anterior
Longitudinal
Ligament prevents
hyperextension and is
quite strong
– The cord like
Posterior
Longitudinal
Ligament prevents
hyperflexion and is
relatively weak
Characteristics - Ligaments
• Ligaments
also connect
specific
vertebra and
support disc
position
– Supraspinos
ligament
– Ligamentum
flavum
– Interspinous
ligament
Intervertebral Discs
• Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads
interposed between vertebra
• The discs provide elasticity and
compressibility
• Compression flattens discs
• Discs are thickest in the cervical and lumbar
to provide flexibility
Characteristics - discs
• Annulus fibrosus
surrounds the
outer margin
– Collagen fibers
• Nucleus pulposus
is the semi fluid
substance which
shifts under body
weight & pressure
• Herniation of disc
Herniation
of disk
General structure of vertebrae
• Common pattern
– Body or centrum
– Vertebral arch
• lamina
• pedicle
– Vertebral foramen
– Spinous process
• Muscles attach
– Transverse
process
• Muscles attach
General structure of vertebrae
• Interlocking pattern
– Superior and inferior
processes interlock
– The inferior from
above and the
superior from the
vertebrae below
form a movable joint
– The movement
contributes to spinal
rotation
Superior Articular
Process
General structure
• Pedicles have
notches on their
superior and
inferior borders
• Lateral openings
are called
intervertebral
foramen
– Spinal nerves
from spinal cord
exit through these
foramina
Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Body is oval, but wide
side to side C3 - C7
• Spinous process is
short and bifid (split)
except in C7
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse processes
contain foramina for
blood vessels leading
to brain
Cervical Vertebrae C1
• Lateral masses articulates with the occipital
condyles of the skull
Cervical Vertebrae C1
Body of the
Vertebrae is
missing
• Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below
Cervical Vertebrae C2
• The axis has the
odontoid process
or dens is its
unique feature
• The dens is the
missing body of
the atlas which
fuses with the atlas
during embryonic
development
Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Spinous processes
project directly
posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed
superoposteriorly
• Inferior facets
directed
inferoanteriorly
• Flexion/extension,
lateral flexion and
rotation
Regional Characteristic: Thoracic
• Body is larger than
cervical; heart shaped
• Spinous process is
long and sharp
• Vertebral foramen is
circular
• Transverse processes
project posteriorly and
bear facets for ribs
Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Body is massive and
kidney shaped
• Spinous processes are
short and blunt
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse processes
are perpendicular to
spinous process but has
no special features
Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Spinous process
projects posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed medially
• Inferior facets directed
laterally
• Flexion/extension,
some lateral flexion,
rotation prevented
Sacral
• Ala are fused remnants
of transverse processes
that articulate with hip
bones to form the sacro
iliac joints of the pelvis
• Sacral promontory
– Center of gravity is 1 cm
posterior of this point
• Transverse line are sites
of vertebral fusion
• Sacral foramina transmit
blood vessels and nerves
Ala
Sacral
promontory
Sacral
• On the posterior aspect
median sacral crest are
fused spinous processes
• The vertebral canal
continues inside the
sacrum as the sacral
canal
• Sacral hiatus is at the
inferior end of the sacral
canal
• Superior articular surface
form a joint with the
spinal column
Coccyx
• Coccyx articulates with sacrum
Sternum
• Located on the anterior
midline of the thorax
• Consists of three fused
bones; manubrium,
body, and xiphoid
process
• Manibrium articulates
with clavicle & 2 ribs
• Body with ribs 2 - 7
• Xiphoid attachment site
for abdominal muscle
Thorax to Vertebral Column
Ribs
Ribs
• Ribs are bowed
flat bones
• Long shaft
• Tear drop shaped
with a costal
groove on inner
surface
• Head of rib has 2
facets to articulate
with its vertebrae
as well as the one
above
Ribs
• Tubercle of rib
articulates with
transverse process
• Ligaments secure
rib to transverse
process
• Note how the
transverse processes
of thoracic
vertebrae are angled
posteriorly
*Вступ до курсу анатомії
людини.
*Загальне вчення про
кісткову систему.
*Види з’єднання кісток.
*Кістки черепа.
*Краніометрія. Черепні
показники.
*Скроневонижньощелепний суглоб
The Skull: Fractures
• Egg Shell Fracture of
the Parietal bones.
• Results from a fall or
blunt force to the head
The Skull: Fractures
• Another example of an
egg shell fracture.
Knife in Skull Above Orbit
AP Projection