Transcript History of Anatomy & Physiology

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The Language of
Physiology and Anatomy
Web Sites for
Medical Dictionaries
http://www.onlinedictionary.net/medical/
One of the
difficulties in
learning
anatomy and
physiology is
the terminology
The key to this
problem is to
learn as many
prefixes and
suffixes as
possible.
The words - or terms - which make up
the language of medicine are referred
to as the terminology of the medical
field, or Medical Terminology.
Like every other language, medical
terminology has changed over time.
The basis for medical terminology;
however, remains the same. The
majority of medical terms are based
on Latin or Greek.
Medical terminology also includes
words that consist either entirely
or partly of personal names, such
as Adam's apple and StrumpellMarie disease.
The term Adam's apple came from
the belief that biblical Adam was not
able to completely swallow the fruit of
the forbidden tree, and so it became
lodged in his throat, visible to all.
In 1884, Ernest Strumpell became the
first person to completely described the
condition now known as ankylosing
spondylitis, and so the condition
Strumpell-Marie disease was named
after him.
Define the following word
parts:
append- = to hang
something
Appendicular
skeleton –
refers to the
arms and legs
of the skeleton
cardi- = heart
Cardiovascular
system = the heart
and the blood
vessels by which
blood is pumped and
circulated through
the body.
cran- = helmet
Cranial = pertains
to portion of the
skull that
surrounds the
brain
dors- = back
Dorsal =
position
toward back
part of body
or back part
of a body
part
Dorsal fin
-logy = study of
Physiology =
study of the body
functions
homeo- = same
Homeotherm =
an organism that
maintains a
constant internal
body
temperature
meta- = change
Metabolism =
chemical
changes that
occur within the
body
pariet- = wall
Parietal
membrane = a
membrane
that lines the
wall of a body
cavity
pelv- = basin
Pelvic cavity =
basin-shaped cavity
enclosed by pelvic
bones
peri- = around
Pericardial
membrane =
membrane that
surrounds the
heart
pleur- = rib
Pleural
membrane =
membrane
that encloses
the lungs
within the rib
cage
-stasis = standing still
Homeostasis =
maintenance of
a relatively
stable internal
environment
-tomy = cutting
Anatomy =
the study of
structure,
which often
involves
cutting or
removing
body parts
Propose a possible meaning
for these physiology words
using the handout of
prefixes, suffixes, and stem
words for physiology and
anatomy.
Erythrocyte = red blood cell
Osteoma = tumor of bone
Arthritis = inflammation of a joint
Epidermis = outermost layer of skin
Tachycardia
= excessive heart rate above 100
beats per minute
Encephalitis = inflammation of the
brain
Tonsillectomy
= the surgical
removal of tonsils
Cardiology
=The medical study of the diagnosis
and treatment ofdiseases affecting
the heart and blood vessels.
History of Anatomy & Physiology
A. Why did the study of the human
body begin with attempts to
understand illness and injury rather
than attempts to understand the
human body?
History of Anatomy & Physiology
•A healthy body is taken for granted. It is likely
that early mankind paid little attention to the
body as the struggle to survive probably
forced attention on meeting very basic needs
such as food and shelter.
•However, illness and injury interrupt the
ability to function normally and this would
have catastrophic consequences in a world in
which every day presented challenges to
survival
History of Anatomy & Physiology
B. List the changes in the
disease spectrum that came with
the change in the life style from
hunter gatherer to agriculture.
History of Anatomy & Physiology
In a hunter-gatherer society, people tend to
live in small bands that are quite mobile as
they follow game and move to new locations
when the supply of plant foods is diminished.
In this setting, infectious disease would have
little opportunity to become commonplace.
However, agriculture demands settlement in a
specific place in order to tend crops and
animals being raised for food. Waste disposal
became a primary source of infection as
human excrement was used for fertilizer.
History of Anatomy & Physiology
This provided the environment in which
intestinal parasites could flourish. As farming
activities were able to produce excess,
commerce had its beginnings and mankind
began to settle in even larger groups, and had
even closer and more prolonged contact. In
this setting, the diseases that spread by
respiratory secretions and other mechanisms
became common. As the diet changed so did
the incidence of diseases spread by urban
living, such as tooth decay.
•Physiology
–The study of the function of the
parts of an organism
–Example: What does the heart do
for the body and how does it do it?
What is Anatomy &
Physiology?
• Anatomy = “cutting up” (Greek)
–The study of the structure and
form of the parts of a living
organism
–Example: What does the heart
look like & what are some of its
parts?
Three Levels of Anatomy
• Gross – anatomy on a large scale
– Example: Learning the names of
the bones and certain regions on
them
• Histology – anatomy at the tissue
level
– Example: What is bone tissue
made of?
• Cytology – anatomy at the cellular
level
– Example: What types of cells make
up bone tissue?
Form & Function
The
function of
a part
determines
its form or
structure
Form and Function
Note the
difference in
the
phalanges,
carpals,
radius,
ulna, and
humerus
below.
Let’s take a look at the human hand
for example:
How does form
fit function?
Think of the
specialized
adaptations in
the hand
alone.
Opposable
thumb
Moveable
digits due to
joints between
bones.
Many muscles and nerves allow the
hand to have superb motor control.
This fine motor
control allows
the hands to be
used in
communication.
Fingerprints
Fingernails
versus
No thumbs!
Oh no!!!!!!!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t
jMhLUHpRiQ
Characteristics of Life
What it Means to be “Alive”
• Movement
– Self-initiated change
in an organism’s
position
– Moving from place to
place
– Also applies to
motion of internal
parts
• Responsiveness
– Ability to sense
internal or external
changes & react to
them
What it Means to be “Alive”
• Reproduction
– Producing
offspring from
parents
– Producing new
cells from existing
cells
• Growth
– Increase in body
size, often without
any important
change in shape
What it Means to be “Alive”
• Respiration
– Process of obtaining
oxygen and using it to
release energy from
food
– Also involves release of
waste gas CO2
• Digestion
– Breakdown of food into
simpler chemical
substances that can be
used by the body
What it Means to be “Alive”
• Absorption
– Passage of
substances
through
membranes
• Circulation
– Movement of
substances from
place to place by
means of body
fluids
What it Means to be “Alive”
• Assimilation
– Changing absorbed substances into
chemically different substances
•Excretion
–Removal of waste products from the
body
Metabolism = chemical
changes that occur within the
body
•
•
•
•
•
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
•
•
•
•
•
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion
List the vital signs that are often
recorded during a doctor’s visit.
•Body temperature (98.6 oF or 37oC)
•Blood pressure (120/80)
•Pulse rate (72 beats/min)
•Breathing movements
How do these vital signs relate to the
definition of death?
•No spontaneous muscular
movements
•No response to stimuli (needle
prick )
•No reflexes (no knee jerk reflex
or pupillary reflex)
•No brain waves
The Maintenance of Life
____ Water
A. Essential for metabolic processes
____ Food
B. Governs rate of chemical reaction
____ Oxygen C. Creates a pressing or compressing action
____ Heat
D. Necessary for the release of energy
____ Pressure E. Provides chemicals for building new living
matter
The Maintenance of Life
A
Water
A. Essential for metabolic processes
E
Food
B. Governs rate of chemical reaction
D
Oxygen
C. Creates a pressing or compressing action
B
Heat
D. Necessary for the release of energy
C
Pressure E. Provides chemicals for building new living
matter
Needs of Organisms
• Water
– Most abundant substance in the body
– Required in many metabolic
processes
– Transports substances from place to
place
– Helps to regulate body temperature
Needs of Organisms
• Food
–Substances that provide the body
with necessary chemicals
(including water)
–Used as energy sources, raw
materials to build new living
matter, or to help regulate
chemical reactions
Needs of Organisms
• Oxygen
–Makes up about 1/5 of air
–Used in process of releasing
energy from food
–This energy is used to drive
metabolic processes
Needs of Organisms
• Heat
–Form of energy
–Helps control rate of metabolic
reactions
–More heat usually makes a
reaction occur at a faster rate
Needs of Organisms
• Pressure
– Application of force to something
– Examples:
• Atmospheric Pressure – important
in breathing
• Hydrostatic Pressure – pressure
exerted by a liquid
What is
Homeostasis?
Homeostasis, from the Greek words for
"same" and "steady," refers to any
process that living things use to actively
maintain fairly stable conditions
necessary for survival.
Homeostasis
• As organisms move, the environment
around them changes
• The body must maintain an internal
balance in order for it to function
efficiently
• Homeostasis is this tendency to
maintain a stable internal environment
“Homeostasis” of Your House
http://lyceum.algon
quincollege.com/lts
/AandPResources/v
ideos/15_HomestaticContr
ol.html
HOMEOSTASIS
http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/sarafin
o/0470129166/animations/homeo1a/frameset.htm
• Maintain constant internal environment
– Ex. Thermostat
• Stimulus is something that produces a
response. These are part of a
homeostasis operation
• There are 2 types of mechanisms
- Negative feedback
- Positive feedback
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
The
response reverses the
effect of the stimulus
Stimulus:
temperature
increase
Response:
turns on
air conditioner
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
The
response magnifies the
effect of the stimulus
Stimulus:
open cut
Response:
many proteins
made to make clot
Cascade-type
response
Positive Feedback during Childbirth
Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send
signals to the brain
Brain releases hormone (oxytocin) into
bloodstream
Uterine smooth muscle contracts more
forcefully
More stretch, more hormone, more contraction
etc.
Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in
stretch
Homeostasis of Body
Temperature
Negative Feedback
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content
/chp41/41020.html
Brain signals surface
blood vessels to
dilate and sweat
glands to secrete
Temp
Heat is lost
Temp
Normal Body Temp
Temp
Temp
Heat is conserved
Nervous system
signals surface
blood vessels to
constrict and sweat
glands to remain
inactive
Temp
Muscle activity
creates heat
Brain signals
muscles to contract
Homeostasis of Blood
Pressure
Negative Feedback
Brain signals heart
to contract less
rapidly
Pressure
Blood pressure
decreases
Receptors in aorta &
carotid artery sense
change
Normal Blood Press.
Receptors in aorta &
carotid artery sense
change
Blood pressure
increases
Brain signals heart
to contract more
rapidly
Pressure
Internal components of
homeostasis
1. Concentration of oxygen
and carbon dioxide
2. pH of the internal
environment
3. Concentration of nutrients
and waste products
4. Concentration of salt and
other electrolytes
5. Volume and pressure of
extracellular fluid
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization - Muscle
C. Categorize each of the following according
to where they fall in terms of their level of
organization in the body.
Liver =
organ
Protein = Macromolecule
Water = molecule
Esophagus = organ
Carbon = element
Mitochondria=
organelle
Lungs =
organ
Integumentary= organ system
Blood = tissue
Neuron = cell
Divisions of the Body
• Axial portion
–Includes the head, neck & trunk
• Appendicular portion
–Arms & legs
BODY CAVITIES
Major Body Cavities
• Axial portion
– Dorsal cavity
• Cranial cavity – inside the skull; contains
brain
• Spinal cavity – inside spinal column;
contains spinal cord
– Ventral cavity
• Thoracic cavity – chest region
• Abdominopelvic cavity – below rib cage,
down to hips
–Ventral cavity
•Thoracic cavity – contains heart and
lungs
•Abdominopelvic cavity –
•Abdominal contains stomach,
liver, spleen, gall bladder,
pancreas, kidney,small
intestines and majority of large
intestines
•Pelvic contains end of large
intestines, urinary bladder, and
reproductive organs .
CAVITIES
OF THE
HEAD
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinus
Orbital cavity
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal cavity
Middle ear cavity
Oral cavity
Smaller Body Cavities
• Oral cavity – contains teeth,
tongue, and salivary glands
• Nasal cavity – inside of the nose;
separated by a nasal septum and
containing sinuses and mucous
membranes
• Orbital cavities – contain the eyes
& associated muscles & nerves
• Middle ear cavities – contain middle
ear bones
D. The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the
cranial cavity and the spinal or verterbral cavity.
E. Answer the following questions about the
ventral cavity.
1. The ventral cavity is subdivided into the
thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
2. The ventral cavity is divided by the
diaphragm which is a muscle.
F. The pelvic cavity is enclosed by the pelvic
bones.
Thoracic &
Abdominopelvic
Membranes
A. Differentiate between visceral and
parietal membranes.
Visceral = refers to the membrane that
is deeper toward the interior of the
body and covers the internal organs
within a cavity
Parietal = refers to the membrane that
is attached to the wall of a cavity
and forms the lining of the cavity
Thoracic Membranes
• Pleural Membranes (lungs)
– Parietal pleura – lines the walls of
the thoracic cavity
– Visceral pleura –covers the lungs
– Pleural cavity – thin film of serous
fluid between the parietal and
visceral pleural membranes
– Mediastinum – separates thoracic
cavity into two compartments and
contains heart, esophagus, thymus
gland and trachea
Mediastinum (area in box)
Thoracic Membranes
• Pericardial Membranes (heart)
– Parietal pericardium – thick, fibrous
membrane lining the cavity around
the heart
– Visceral pericardium – thin membrane
that covers the heart
– Pericardial cavity – fluid-filled space
between visceral and parietal
pericardial membranes
– Diaphragm – thin muscle that
separates the thoracic &
abdominopelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Peritoneal Membranes
–Parietal peritoneum – lines the
wall of the abdominal cavity
–Visceral peritoneum –covers
each organ in the cavity
–Peritoneal cavity – potential
space between the parietal and
visceral peritoneal membranes
Heart
Membranes
Anatomical Body Regions
Anatomical Terminology
• Used to describe:
–Relative positions of body parts
–Imaginary planes in the body
–Body regions
• For these terms to make sense, it is
always assumed that the body is in
the anatomical position
–Standing up, face forward, arms
at side with palms facing forward
Names of
Body Regions
Costal =
ribs
Celiac = abdomen
Relative Position Terms
• Superior – above or closer to the head
– The nose is superior to the mouth
• Inferior – below or toward the feet
– The neck is inferior to the head
• Anterior (ventral) – toward the front
– The eyes are anterior to the brain
• Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back
– The verterbrae are posterior to the
sternum
Relative Position Terms
• Medial – closer to the midline of the body
– The nose is medial to the eyes
• Lateral – toward the side of the body
– The ears are lateral to the eyes
• Proximal – toward or nearest the trunk or
closer to point of attachment
– The elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal – away from or farthest from the
trunk or away from the point of attachment
• The fingers are distal to the wrist
Relative Position Terms
• Superficial (peripheral) – near the
surface
– The epidermis is the superficial
(outer) layer of the skin
• Deep – toward the interior
– The dermis is the deep layer of the
skin
Relative Position Terms
Ipsilateral - refers to two parts that are on the
same side of a given reference point.
-it could be said that the left arm and left leg
are ipsilateral to one another with respect to the
midsagittal plane.
Contralateral - refers to two parts that are on the
opposing side sof a given reference point
- the left arm and right leg are contralateral to
one another with respect to the midsagittal plane
Relative Position Terms
Bilateral – one on each side
- the kidneys are bilateral
a is superior or distal to d
f is superior or proximal to
h
g is superior or medial or
proximal to i
l is inferior or distal to j
i is inferior or lateral or
distal or to g
c is inferior or proximal to a
Coronal
Transverse
Anatomical Planes of the Body
• Sagittal – lengthwise cut that divides the
body into right & left portions
– Midsagittal – equal right & left
portions
• Transverse (horizontal) – divides the
body into superior & inferior portions
• Frontal (coronal) – divides the body into
anterior & posterior portions
Quadrants of
Body
Epigastric
region
Right Hypochondriac
region
Right Lumbar region
Right Iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left Hypochondriac
region
Left Lumbar region
Left Iliac region
Umbilical region
Cylindrical Cuts
• Cross section – horizontal cut
across structure
• Oblique – angular cut
• Longitudinal – lengthwise cut
1 = cross section
2 = oblique
3 = longitudinal
C. If the following structures represent a
blood vessel, what is the name of the cut
that was done on each?
THE 11 BODY
SYSTEMS
BODY COVERING
SUPPORT &
MOVEMENT
SUPPORT &
MOVEMENT
INTEGRATION &
COORDINATION
INTEGRATION &
COORDINATION
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION & EXCRETION
ABSORPTION & EXCRETION
ABSORPTION & EXCRETION
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
Life Span Changes
A. Aging is the process of becoming mature or
old.
B. We begin to be aware of aging in the 3rd
decade of life, but it begins during fetal development
with programmed cell death.
C. Signs of aging are due to changes at what
levels of organization?
tissue, cell, and molecular level
D. List some examples of the impact of the aging
process on the human body.
II. Life Span Changes
A. In the thirties, signs of aging include a few
gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint
stiffness, and a decrease in female fertility.
B. In the forties and fifties, signs of aging
include fading of hair color, wrinkles, increased
blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose
levels.
II. Life Span Changes
D. Wrinkles are produced because of decreased
amounts of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous
fats in skin.
E. Elderly people metabolize drugs at different
rates than younger people because the
proportions of fat to water in tissues change as
a person ages.
F. Alzheimer disease may be caused by a build
up of beta amyloid in the brain.
KNOW MEDICAL AND
APPLIED SCIENCES
• PAGE 24 – 25
• ON TEST IN MULTIPLE CHOICE
AND MATCHING FORMAT
READ ABOUT THESE
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
• PAGE 6 – 7
• PAGE 70-71