Transcript Skeletal System PowerPoint C

Bell Ringer!!!!
(All Bell Ringers Due on Friday)
• What bones articulate with the manubrium?
• How would a complete fracture of the dens affect the
mobility of the vertebral column?
• What bones contain the paranasal sinuses?
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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eViewer?action=2&resid=12835
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Bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
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Pectoral Girdle
(Shoulder Girdle)
The Clavicles and the scapulae
• Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Provide attachment sites for muscles that
move the upper limbs
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Clavicles (Collarbones)
• Doubly curved bones….curves ensure that clavicle
will fracture away from body to avoid subclavian
artery
• Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the
scapula
• Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with
the sternum
• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out
laterally
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Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
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Figure 7.24b
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
• Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage,
between ribs 2 and 7
• Flat and triangular, with three borders and
three angles
• Glenoid cavity articulates with humerus and is
shallow which allow great flexibility and rangeof-motion but poorly reinforced…shoulders
easily dislocate
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Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Superior
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Inferior angle
Figure 7.25a
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Acromion
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Medial border
Lateral border
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
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Figure 7.25b
Acromion
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
Anterior
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
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Subscapular
fossa
Inferior angle
Figure 7.25c
The Upper Limb
• 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper
limb
Arm
• Humerus
Forearm
• Radius and ulna
Hand
• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers
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Humerus
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
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Head of
humerus
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
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Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Figure 7.26a
Bones of the Forearm
• Ulna
• Medial bone in forearm
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the
humerus
• Radius
• Lateral bone in forearm
• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with
radial notch of ulna
• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna
along their entire length
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Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Styloid
process
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid
process of ulna
(a) Anterior view
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Styloid process
of radius
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.27a-b
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
View
Coronoid process
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View
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Styloid
Head
of ulna process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and
ulna at the wrist
Figure 7.27c-d
Humerus
Capitulum
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Head
Ulna
Neck
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
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Figure 7.26c-d
Hand: Carpus
• Eight bones in two rows
• Proximal row
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
proximally
• Distal row
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
distally
• Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with
radius to form wrist joint
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Some Lads Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
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Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
• Metacarpus
• Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the
palm
• Phalanges
• Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three
phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
• Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the
thumb (pollex)
• Thumb has no middle phalanx
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Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
Sesamoid
bones
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
(a) Anterior view of left hand
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Metacarpals
• Head
• Shaft
• Base
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Pisiform
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Figure 7.28a-b
Bell Ringer!!!!
(All Bell Ringers Due on Friday)
• List the 8 carpals in order from proximal to distal starting
with radius and moving to ulna (remember, use anatomic
position)
• Which bones play the major role in forming the elbow joint?
• Which phalanx is a wedding band customarily worn on?
When you are finished, please turn them in with
your coloring packets!
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os
coxae)
• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
• Support pelvic organs
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium,
ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these
bones form the bony pelvis
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Base of sacrum
Iliac fossa
Coxal
bone
llium
(os coxae
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
Pubic arch
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Figure 7.29
Hip Bone
•
Three regions
1. Ilium
•
Superior region of the coxal bone
•
Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
(sacroiliac joint)
2. Ischium
•
Posteroinferior part of hip bone
3. Pubis
•
Anterior portion of hip bone
•
Midline pubic symphysis joint
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Ala
Ilium
Iliac crest
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubis
Obturator foramen
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30a
Ilium
Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Auricular
surface
Body of
the ilium
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30b
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Female pelvis
• Adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth
canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and
has greater capacity
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Male pelvis
• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of male’s heavier build
and stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
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Table 7.4
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Table 7.4
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Table 7.4
Pregnancy related changes to pelvis
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The Lower Limb
• Carries the weight of the body
• Subjected to exceptional forces
• Three segments of the lower limb
• Thigh: femur
• Leg: tibia and fibula
• Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal
bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in
the toes
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Femur
• Largest and strongest bone in the body
• Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of
the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
• Hip socket (acetabulum) firmly secures head
of femur into place and provides greater
stability but less range-of-motion than pectoral
girdle
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Neck
Fovea
capitis
Greater
trochanter
Head
Lesser trochanter
Apex
Anterior
Lateral
condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Posterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
Posterior view
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
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Figure 7.31
Bones of the Leg
• Tibia
• Medial leg bone
• Receives the weight of the body from the femur and
transmits it to the foot
• Fibula
• Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
• Site of muscle attachment
• Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane
• Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular
joints
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Lateral condyle
Head
Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle
Interosseous membrane
Fibula
Tibia
Articular surface
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.32a
Articular surface
of medial condyle
Medial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Tibia
Fibula
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.32b
Foot: Tarsals
• Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of
the foot
• Talus transfers most of the weight from the
tibia to the calcaneus
• Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the
medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
• Metatarsals:
• Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)
• Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the
foot”
• Phalanges
• The 14 bones of the toes
• Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges
• Hallux has no middle phalanx
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Distal
Middle
Proximal
1
Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
2
3
4
5
Metatarsals
Lateral
cuneiform
Cuboid
Talus
(a) Superior view
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Phalanges
Tarsals
Calcaneus
Figure 7.33a
Talus
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
First metatarsal
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
(b) Medial view
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Figure 7.33b