Introduction & Orientation to the Human Body
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Transcript Introduction & Orientation to the Human Body
Introduction &
Orientation to the
Human Body
Anatomy
Field of study that describes the
structure, location, and
relationships of body parts.
Branches of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy- Study of body
structures that are visible without a
microscope.
Regional Anatomy- Focuses on
specific area of the body, such as
the head, neck, or trunk.
Microanatomy- Examines
structures on a microscopic level.
Histology- Microanatomy that
studies tissues.
Physiology
The study of the mechanisms that
enable the body to function.
Study of functions of the human
body.
Levels of Organization
Chemical Level- Simplest (O,H,C,K).
Cellular Level- Combination of molecules (cell)
basic unit of structure and function.
Tissue Level- Combination of cells that perform a
function. (Four types exist in the human body)
Organ Level- Two or more types of tissues
combined to perform a general function(heart
,liver)
System Level- Two or more organs and associated
structures that perform a more general function.
Complete Organism- Composed of many systems
dependant on each other to perform their function.
Body Regions
1. Cephalic or Head
2. Cervical or Neck
Body Regions
Trunk
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
Directional Terminology
Superior: Towards the head end or
upper portion of the body.
Inferior: Towards the bottom portion of
the body.
Ventral: The front of the body.
Dorsal: The back of the body.
Medial: Toward the middle or center of
the body
Lateral: Away from the center of the
body.
Directions Cont….
Cephalad: The head.
Caudal: The tail (lower spine coccyx
vertebrae).
Proximal: Toward the base(trunk) of the
body.
Distal: Away from the base (trunk) of the
body.
Superficial: The surface of the body.
Deep: The inside of the body.
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity- Is located on the
posterior or back side and contains
the cranial and vertebral cavities.
Cranial cavity the space that
contains the brain and vertebral
(spinal) cavity (spinal cord).
Body Cavities
Ventral- Anterior or front side,
contains the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavity.
Thoracic- Divided into 3 smaller
cavities.
Pleural- two cavities which enclose the
lungs.
Pericardial- small space between the two
membranes around the heart.
Mediastinum- contains, trachea,
esophagus, vessels.
Body Cavities
Abdominal-pelvic: Contains the peritoneal
cavity which is divided into two separate
cavities, the Abdominal and Pelvic.
Abdominal- contains the stomach, small
intestines, liver, and most of the large
intestines.
Pelvic- contains the urinary bladder, the
rest of the large intestines, internal
reproductive organs.
Diaphragm- Flat muscular sheet that
separates the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities.
Body Cavities
Body Planes
Sagittal: Extends parallel to the long axis
of the body and divides the body into
right and left portions.
Frontal/Coronal: Extends parallel to axis
but divides the body into anterior (front)
and posterior (back) planes.
Transverse/Horizontal: Extends
perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal
planes.
Abdomino-pelvic
Quadrants
Right Upper
Right Lower
Left Upper
Left Lower
Regions
Anatomical Landmarks
(QUIZ)
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Cervical
Abdominal
Pelvic
Inguinal
Femoral
Pedal
Olecranal
Patellar
Digital
Antebrachial
Brachial
Axillary
Acromial
Popliteal
Sural
Calcaneal
Plantar