Transcript Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Defined
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Anatomy is the study of structure and the
relationship among structures.
Anatomy and Physiology
Defined
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Physiology is the study of how body structures
function.
Levels of Structural
Organization
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The human body consists of several levels of
structural organization: chemical, cellular,
tissue, organ, system, and organismic levels.
Structural Plan:
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The human body has certain
general characteristics.
Among the characteristics are a
backbone, a tube within a tube
organization, and
bilateral symmetry.
Directional Terms:
indicate the relationship of
one part of the body to another.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
superior (toward the head)
inferior (away from the head)
anterior (near front of the body)
posterior (near back of the body)
medial (near midline of the body)
lateral (near side of the body)
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12.
intermediate (between a medial 13.
and lateral structure)
proximal (nearer the attachment of
an extremity to the trunk or a
structure)
distal (farther from the attachment
of an extremity to the trunk or a
structure)
superficial (on the surface of the
body)
deep (away from the surface of the
body)
ipsilateral (same side of the body) 14. parietal (outer wall of a cavity)
contralateral (opposite side of body) 15. visceral covering of an organ).
Planes
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Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body
or organs into definite areas.
A median plane is a vertical plane through the midline of the body
that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides
A sagittal plane is a plane parallel to the midsagittal plane that
divides the body or organs into unequal right and left sides
A frontal/coronal plane is a plane at a right angle to a median (or
sagittal) plane that divides the body or organs into anterior and
posterior portions
A horizontal/transverse plane is a plane parallel to the ground and
at a right angle to the median, sagittal, and frontal planes that
divides the body or organs into superior and inferior portions.
Abdominopelvic Regions
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To describe the location of organs easily, the
abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into
nine regions by drawing four imaginary lines.
The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions
are epigastric, right hypochondriac, left
hypochondriac, umbilical, right lumbar, left
lumbar, hypogastric (pubic), right iliac
(inguinal), and left iliac (inguinal).
Directional Terms
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In the following activity you will practice labeling
directional terms on a body.
Trace the outline of a group members body on
butcher paper.
Label the following directional terms: superior,
inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral,
intermediate, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, &
distal.
You need to create a REFERENCE POINT for
ipsilateral & contralateral (eye patch).
Make if LEGIBLE & colorful (if there is time)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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The abdominopelvic cavity may be divided
into four quadrants by passing imaginary
horizontal and vertical lines through the
umbilicus.
The names of the four abdominopelvic
quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ),
left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower
quadrant (RLQ). And left lower quadrant
(LLQ).
Body Cavities
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Spaces in the body that contain internal organs are called
cavities.
There are two major body cavities: Dorsal & Ventral Cavity.
The dorsal body cavity contains the brain and the spine.
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It is subdivided into cranial (brain) and vertebral/spinal cavities (spinal
cord)
Ventral body cavity is the space of the body’s trunk anterior to
the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum and
abdominal muscle wall.
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Further divided into: The thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, trachea, etc)
and the abdominopelvic cavity (liver, stomach, kidneys, etc).
BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
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The body cavities are lined with serous membranes that provide a
smooth surface for the enclosed internal organs.
Abdominal cavity membrane: peritoneum.
Dorsal cavity membrane: Dura mater
Thoracic cavity membrane: pleura
Membranes are doubled layered with lubricant fluid between them.
The 2 layers:
 Visceral layer: – the thin membranes that covers an organ in a
cavity.
 Parietal: actual wall of a body cavity or lining membrane that
covers its surface.
Example: Parietal peritoneum: line abdominal cavity. Visceral
peritoneum: lines abdominal organs
Descriptive Terms of the Body
Region
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Terms used for
the body found
on your
handout.
Descriptive Terms of the Body
Region
Body Types
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Somatotype is a term used to describe
a specific body build or physique.
There are three body types:
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Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Endomorph
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Heavy rounded physique
characterized by large
accumulation of fat in trunk
and thighs.
“Apple shaped” endomorphs
have large waistlines & more
health risks.
Pear shaped endomorphs
have smaller waists and
more fat in the hip, thighs,
and buttock. Less health
risks then apples.
Apple
Pear
Mesomorph
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Muscular physique
Ectomorph
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Thin, fragile physique characterized by little
body fat.
Body Types
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In your journal, make a chart with the column below:
Mesomorph
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Endomorph
Ectomorph
Looking through a magazine, find examples of the
three body types.
Cut out the pictures and glue them on to your journal.
Point out the following body regions on your pictures:
orbital, nasal, buccal, pectoral, deltoid, axillary, carpal,
femoral, patellar, tarsal, lumbar, gluteal, & popliteal.
Homeostasis
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Homeostasis is a condition in which the
internal environment of the body remains
relatively constant in terms of chemical
composition, temperature, and pressure.
All body systems attempt to maintain
homeostasis.
Homeostasis is controlled mainly by the
nervous and endocrine systems.
Set point of range
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The normal reading or range of a condition.
For example: set point of glucose/ml is
between 80 and 100 mg.
Homeostasis attempts to keep reading within
the set point of range.
Homeostatic control measures
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Processes for maintaining homeostasis is
called homeostatic control measures.
Feedback control loops are used to
accomplish self regulation.
Information is transmitted by way of nerve
impulses or chemical messengers called
hormones.
Components of Control
Mechanisms
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2.
3.
4.
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Sensor mechanisms
Integrating or control center
Effector mechanism
Feedback
Signals can be either Afferent (move
toward a particular center) or Efferent
(moves away from a particular center)
Sensory Mechanisms
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Nerve cells or hormone producing glands act as
homeostatic sensors.
They identify changes conditions (temp., blood
glucose) that move it out of the set point of
range.
If deviations from set point range occur, an
afferent signal is sent to the integration or
control center.
Nerve receptors
on skin feel cold
Sends info
Integration/Control Center
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Integration center receives signal.
Information is analyzed.
Efferent signal then travels from the
center to a effector mechanism, where
an action is initiated.
Nerve receptors
on skin feel cold.
Sends info
Hypothalamus receive info
Sends instructions
Effectors
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Effectors are organs, such as muscles or
glands, that directly influence the
body’s physiology.
An effector can increase or decrease
temperature, heart rate, blood pressure,
etc.
Nerve receptors
on skin feel cold.
Sends info
Temperature
increases.
Muscle reacts by shivering.
Hypothalamus receive info
Sends instructions
Feedback
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Homeostatic controls can be labeled as positive
or negative.
Most homeostatic controls are negative.
Positive feedback
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Positive feedback mechanisms are
designed to accelerate or enhance the
output created by a stimulus that has
already been activated.
Ex. Blood clotting increase the amount
of platelets released.
Negative Feedback
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Negative feedback mechanism consists of
bringing a system back to its normal range of
functioning.
Ex. Shivering brings low temperature back up.