Transcript Chapter One Part Two

Chapter One Part Two
Review of Homeostasis
Levels of Organization
Organization of the Human body
Anatomical Terminology
Homeostasis Questions
There is a homeostasis question at
each table.
Answer the question within your group.
Choose a member of your group to
report out the answer to the class.
You have 5-7mins to complete your
questions.
Homeostatic
Mechanism
Complete the diagram!
Homeostasis Review
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc0
2.sci.life.reg.bodycontrol/
Body Control Center Questions
What is homeostasis?
Body’s attempt to maintain a stable
internal environment
What controls human heart rate? Under
what conditions does heart rate change?
Pacemaker, receptors in circ.
system, brain
Increase or decrease in oxygen
and carbon dioxide levels due
to things like exercise or sleep
and certain chemicals can
cause change.
How is respiration rate controlled?
Rate based on levels of
carbon dioxide and
oxygen. Brain can cause
increase or decrease in
rate. Can be consciously
controlled
Could you hold your breath indefinitely? What
would happen?
No, when carbon dioxide
builds up you lose
voluntary control of
respiratory muscles. The
body is forced to exhale.
In what different ways does the body control
temperature?
Heat can be exhaled. Blood
also carries blood to skin
surface. Perspiration
carries the most heat
away when the water in
sweat evaporates.
How does the body maintain a steady level of sugar in the
bloodstream? What happens if it is unable to regulate blood
sugar?
Two hormones control
blood sugar- insulin
decreases levels and
glucagon increases
levels.
Diabetes
What factors control
blood pressure?
The amount of blood your heart pumps—how fast it
pumps and how forceful each contraction is—is a
major factor in determining blood pressure. There
are other factors, too. The amount of blood in the
body affects pressure, for example (less blood
results in lower pressure). Also, the brain can alter
the diameter of the vessels, dilating (widening) them
to reduce pressure and constricting (narrowing)
them to increase pressure. The brain responds to
signals it receives from various cells throughout the
body; some of these are sensitive to levels of
oxygen and carbon dioxide, some to chemicals, and
some to blood pressure itself.
How is this Body Control Center Flash Interactive simulation like
the self-regulation that goes on in an actual human body? How
is it different?
The body must constantly make changes to
maintain stability (homeostasis) just like in
activity. Even when stability is reached the
organism can change activities and cause
new changes necessary to maintain
stability.
In the body many more things are must be
regulated. Some of these things can affect
other things so multiple changes are
actually necessary.
If various physiological responses are constantly
adjusting, do you think the body is ever in
equilibrium? Why or why not?
The body generally is
always striving for
equilibrium but never
quite reach it because
conditions are constantly
changing.
Levels of Organization in the body:
 Atom
 Molecule
 Macromolecule
 Organelles
 Cells
 Tissue
 Organs
 Organ Systems
 Organism
Anatomical Planes of the
Human Body
Anatomical Planes Defined
p.14 Fig. 1.11
 Saggital (median) Plane – lengthwise cut
of the body into right and left sides; if
passes along midline, then body is in
equal parts = median
 Transverse (horizontal) plane – cut that
divides body into superior and inferior
portions
 Coronal (frontal) plane – divides body into
anterior and posterior views.
Anterior and
Posterior
view
Anterior and Posterior Positions
 Anterior –
means towards the front
 Posterior –
opposite view of anterior;
means toward the back
Superior
and Inferior
Views
Superior and Inferior Views
Superior –
 means the body part is above
another part or is closer to the
head.
Inferior –
 means the body part is below
another part or is closer to the
feet
Medial
and
Lateral
Views
Medial and Lateral
Medial  relates to an imaginary midline dividing
the body into equal left and right halves.
Body part is medial if it is close to the
midline. (Nose is medial to the eyes)
Lateral –
 means toward the side with respect to
the imaginary midline (Ears are lateral to
the eyes)
Proximal
and Distal
Views
Proximal and Distal
Proximal –
 describes a body part that is closer to a
point of attachment than another body
part. (Elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal –
 opposite of proximal; particular body
part is farther from a point of attachment
than another body part. (Fingers are
distal to the wrist)
Superficial and Deep
Superficial –
situated near the surface
Deep –
parts that are more internal
Body Views
Axial Portion – head, neck, trunk
 Dorsal cavity – cranial cavity and
vertebral canal
 Ventral Cavity – Thoracic cavity,
Diaphragm, abdominopelvic cavity
Appendicular Portion – arms & legs
Body
Cavities
Lateral
View
Body
Cavities
Coronal
View
Cranial
Spinal/ Vertebral
Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial
Diaphragm
Ventral
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic
Pelvic
Body Cavities
cranial cavitiy –
 houses the brain
vertebral canal –
 spinal cord and some vertebrae
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity – Lungs and more
 Mediastinum region (separates right and
left lungs) = heart, esophagus, trachea,
and thymus
Diaphragm –
 separates the thoracic from the
abdominopelvic
Body Cavities
 abdominopelvic cavity –
 Abdominal cavity – stomach, liver,
spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of the
small and large intestines
 Pelvic cavity – enclosed by hip bones;
includes terminal portion of large
intestine, urinary bladder, and internal
reproductive organs.
Head
Cavities
Head Cavities
 Oral cavity – teeth and tongue
 Nasal cavity – within the nose; divided into
right and left regions by nasal septum
 Sinuses – frontal and sphenoidal sinuses
connect to nasal cavity
 Orbital cavity – eyes, skeletal muscles,
and nerves
 Middle Ear Cavity – middle ear bones
There will be a Quiz on
Body Views, Cavities, and
Regions
Review Homeostasis
too!