Transcript The Human Body - Cloudfront.net

The Human Body
Ch. 1
Anatomy & Physiology
• Draw a small 2 column
chart. Label 1 column
“Anatomy” & 1 column
“Physiology”
• Place the following terms
in the associated
columns.
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Structure
Produces
Work
Where?
Dissection
Experimentation
Shape
Function
How?
Observation
Definitions
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Anatomy
Structure
Where?
Dissection
Shape
Observation
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Physiology
Produces
Work
Experimentation
Function
How?
What is
“Anatomy & Physiology”?
Anatomy
• The study of body
structures and the
relationships between
them
Physiology
• How the structures
function at the cellular
level
What is the relationship between
anatomy & physiology?
Structure determines function
History of Anatomy
Ancient History of Anatomy
• Cave Paintings
• Egyptians
• Greeks
– Aristotle-comparative anatomy
– Galen
• Greek doctor AD 158
• What is in blood vessels?
Middle Ages
• Science’s Siesta
• Why?
• Study of anatomy flourished in Arabia
Leonardo da Vinci
Anatomical Theater
Vesalius
• Set out to disprove
Galen
• Public demonstration
in 1540
• De humani corporis
fabrica (The Structure
of the Human Body)
• Beginning of modern
anatomy
Body Snatchers
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Big business
Bodies from criminals
Thieves dug up recently buried bodies
Some cases of murder
1800’s enacted laws to protect
Modern Anatomy
How do we study anatomy now?
Homework
• Read “A Closer Look: Medical Imaging”
• Pg. 8-9
How is the body organized?
Activity
• Form groups of 2-3
• Send one person for your envelope of
cards
• Remove all cards and place in order from
least complicated to most complicated
What does it mean to be
alive?
Functions of Life
1.
2.
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Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Survival Needs
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Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Body Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Intro to Body Systems
Review Exercise 2
Homeostasis
Anatomy Theme 2
Homeostasis
• Homeo=same, stasis=unchanging/
standing still
• ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
• Balance of internal conditions within
narrow limits
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• 2 primary body
systems
– Nervous
– Endocrine
• 3 components
– Receptor
– Control center
– Effector
Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback
• The response of the
system decreases the
original stimulus (Most
Common)
Positive Feedback
• The response of the
system enhances the
original stimulus so that
the activity is increased
response
stimulus
response
stimulus
Which type of feedback?
1. You go outside. Its hot. You sweat.
You feel cooler.
Negative
Which type of
feedback?
2. You cut yourself.
Platelets migrate to
the cut to begin
plugging the cut.
They also release
blood clotting factors
that cause blood to
coagulate.
Positive
Which type of feedback?
3. You eat lunch. Your blood glucose
levels begin to rise. Your pancreas
releases insulin. Insulin sweeps glucose
out of the blood.
Negative
Which type of feedback?
4. You are having a baby, the pressure of
the baby’s head against sensors near the
opening of the uterus stimulates uterine
contractions. These contractions cause
greater pressure against the uterine
opening, which heighten the
contractions, which cause still greater
pressure.
Positive
Homeostatic Disturbance
Disease
• Pathological process with a definite set of characteristics
in which a part or all of the body cannot carry out its
normal functions
• i.e. Not maintaining homeostasis
• Local
– Only affects a limited region
– Cancer
• Systemic
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Affects the entire body
HIV
Leukemia
Autoimmune Diseases
Activity
• Form a group of 3-4 students.
• Create a skit to demonstrate an example
of a feedback mechanisms in daily life.
• Ex. Thermostat maintains the temperature
in your house
Anatomical Terms
Why?
• Precisely defined meanings
• Prevent ambiguity
• Use one standard position and special
vocabulary
Anatomical
Position
• All descriptions
based on this position
Directional Terms
• Used to identify parts in relation to one
another, most in pairs
• Examples (Table 1, pg. 18)
– Superior/ inferior
– Cephalic (cranial)/ caudal
– Anterior (ventral)/ posterior (dorsal)
– Medial /Lateral
– Proximal/ distal
– Superficial/ Deep
Practice (True/False)
• The fingers are proximal to the body.
– False
• The neck is inferior to the lower limb.
– False
• The sternum is anterior to the coccyx
(tailbone).
– True
• The kidney is lateral to the spine.
– True
• The skin is deep to the muscle.
Body Regions-principle regions
1. Head-Cephalic
2. Neck-Cervical
3. Trunk-Chest (Thoracic), Abdomen,
Pelvis
4. Upper Limb-Shoulder, armpit, arm,
forearm, wrist, hand
5. Lower Limb-buttock, thigh, leg, ankle,
and foot
• Both limb regions are attached to the trunk
Regional TermsAnterior
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Abdominal
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Cervical
Digital
Frontal
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Pelvic
Pubic
Thoracic
Regional TermsPosterior
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Cephalic
Femoral
Gluteal
Lumbar
Occipital
Sacral
Vertebral
Planes
• Imaginary flat
surfaces that pass
through the body
parts
– Midsaggital planedivides into equal Right
& Left sides
– Frontal plane-divides
into anterior and
posterior
– Transverse- divides into
superior and inferior
• Oblique plane-at
angle b/w saggital
and transverse planes
Planes
Body Cavities
• Spaces in body that contain, protect,
separate, and support internal organs
• 2 main
– Dorsal-divided into cranial and vertebral
– Ventral-divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic,
contains the viscera
Activity
• Who knows the Head & Shoulders, Knees
& Toes song?
• http://www.mothergooserocks.com/animations/head_and
_shoulders.html
Human Systems
Human Systems
Human Systems
Human Systems
1. Cranial
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Brain
2. Spinal
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Spinal Cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
3. Thoracic
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Heart & Lungs
4. Abdominopelvic
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Liver, GI Tract, Spleen,
Pancreas, Kidneys, etc.
Coronal
Sagital
Transverse
Radiography (X-Rays)
•Good for locating broken bones
•Not always reliable---WHY?
Ultrasound (US)
High frequency sound
waves are reflected off body
tissue and measured
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
•Magnetized protons respond in colored
imaging
•Good for tumors, intracranial bleeding, blood
flow measure
•Cannot be used on everybody ----WHY?
Computer Tomography Scanning
(CT)
•Transverse 3-D images of the body
•Good for locating tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Measures emissions from
radioactively labeled
metabolically active
chemicals that have been
injected into the
bloodstream
• Produces 2 or 3 D
images showing
distribution of the
chemicals of the brain
• Most brain diseases
cause changes in brain
metabolism