Transcript fourth ventricle

BRAIN FUNCTIONS NEXT QUIZ
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN PARTS YOU
ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
ADD THIS TO YOUR LIST
LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN
PARTS LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN
PARTS LIMBIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN
H = Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
A = Amygdala
T = Thalamus
The limbic system is a set of evolutionarily
primitive brain structures located on top of
the brainstem and buried under the cortex.
Limbic system structures are involved in
many of our emotions and motivations,
particularly those that are related to
survival.
Such emotions include fear, anger, and
emotions related to sexual behavior.
Amygdala
• responsible for determining what
memories are stored and where the
memories are stored in the brain.
• It is thought that this determination
is based on how huge an emotional
response an event invokes.
arbor vitae of the cerebellum (Latin for "Tree
of Life") is the cerebellar white matter, so called
for its branched, tree-like appearance. It brings
sensory and motor information to the cerebellum.
Brainstem
The stem-like part of the base of the brain that is
connected to the spinal cord.
•The brain stem controls the flow of messages
between the brain and the rest of the body.
•It also controls basic body functions such as
breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure,
consciousness, and whether one is awake or
sleepy.
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons,
and medulla oblongata
The central sulcus is a fold in the
cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates.
It is a prominent landmark of the brain,
separating the parietal lobe from the
frontal lobe.
Cerebellum = responsible for the coordination of movement
and balance.
Cerebellum =
Activities where the muscles or the physical
movements have to be learned are all
coordinated and adapted by the Cerebellum. For
example, when children learn to play baseball,
they learn exactly when to hit the ball with the bat.
The Cerebellum plays a primary role in this case.
Not only would it decide when to hit the ball, it
would also note the distance and speed which will
help our reflexes. Similar instances of the
adaptive functions of the Cerebellum activities
include driving and playing sports.
Cerebrum = The largest portion of the brain, divided into two
hemispheres that each contain four lobes. The lobes function in
speech, memory, vision, personality and muscle control in certain
parts of the body. This part exhibits what we know as intelligence
and consciousness.
Cingulate gyrus = fold or bump in the
brain; functions:
•Coordinates Sensory Input With
Emotions
•Emotional Responses to Pain
•Regulates Aggressive Behavior (road
rage linked to this structure)
Corpus callosum structure in the mammalian brain that
connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the
largest white matter structure in the brain.
It transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive
information between the brain hemispheres.
Fornix = a fibrous arching band connecting the two
lobes of the cerebrum.
1. Connects the Hippocampus:
To the hypothalamus
To the mammillary bodies
2. Involved in memory formation
Cerebral spinal
fluid:
1.Cushions
structures
2.Provides a river of
nutrients
3.Moves wastes out
of area
The fourth
ventricle is one of
the four connected
fluid-filled (CSF)
cavities within the
human brain.
Frontal lobe The largest and most anterior
part of each cerebral hemisphere. Responsible for
emotions, personality, memory, and skills associated
with problem solving, planning, and self regulation.
The frontal lobe also includes the motor strip, which
controls muscles in the limbs and face.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=hiduiTq1ei8
Hippocampus The name derives from its curved shape in
coronal sections of the brain, which resembles a seahorse (Greek:
hippos = horse, kampi = curve).
Acts as a memory indexer -- sending memories
out to the appropriate part of the cerebral
hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving
them when necessary.
Hippocampus involved in spatial function both in the narrow
sense, such as in providing a spatial mapping of the environment
through we navigate, and in humans in a broader sense, providing
a “space” within which concepts are organized. Early degenerative
changes in the hippocampus, as are seen in Alzheimer’s disease
are thought responsible for one of the earlier behavioral signs of
the disease - having difficulties in finding your way and orienting
yourself in the environment.
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The
hypothalamus regulates homeostasis. It has regulatory
areas for thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance,
and blood pressure.
Lateral ventricle = The lateral ventricles are two
curved shaped cavities located within the cerebrum.
Function:
•Protects the Brain From Trauma
•Provides Pathway for the Circulation of
Cerebrospinal Fluid
mammillary bodies
• relay for signals that travel from the
hippocampus and amygdale to the
thalamus.
• important to memory processing, so
damage caused by either physical
destruction or nutritional deficiencies
can lead to amnesia.
mammillary bodies
known to be significantly damaged
by alcohol intoxication, especially by
chronic alcohol abuse.
Medulla ( medulla oblongata) is the
lower portion of the brainstem.
responsible for controlling several major
autonomic functions of the body, including
respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and
reflex arcs.
Midbrain - serves as the nerve
pathway of the cerebral
hemispheres and contains auditory
and visual reflex centers
Mid brain
Occipital lobe of cerebrum is the
visual processing center of the
mammalian brain.
Olfactory bulb - one of two
clusters of olfactory neurons for
sense of smell
the olfactory neurons extend
through a porous bone and interact
with the environment inside the nose
The optic chiasm = (Greek
"crossing", from 'to mark with an X',
after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi) is the
part of the brain where the optic
nerves partially cross.
the nerves connected to the right
eye that attend to the right visual
field cross with the nerves from the
left eye that attend to the left visual
field.
optic chiasm
https://www.yo
utube.com/watc
h?v=WK2k_f8R48
optic chiasm
Parietal lobe of cerebrum
• Integrating sensory information from various
parts of the body, and in the manipulation of
objects.
• Portions are involved with visuospatial
processing.
• Much less is known about this lobe than the
other three in the cerebrum.
Pineal gland A small gland located deep within
in the brain.
Secretes hormone called melatonin to
regulate body's sleep-regulation apparatus.
It helps maintain circadian rhythm and
regulate reproductive hormones.
Pineal gland
Melatonin secretion is low during
the daylight hours and high during
dark periods, which has some
influence over your reaction to
photoperiod.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
3h2mJnvRbZ8
Pituitary gland (hypophysis) A small oval
endocrine gland attached to the base of
the vertebrate brain and consisting of an
anterior and a posterior lobe.
CALLED THE MASTER GLAND
the secretions of control the other
endocrine glands and influence growth,
metabolism, and maturation
Pons
• relays sensory information between the
cerebellum and cerebrum.
• Some hypothesize that it has a role in
dreaming.
• sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder
control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye
movement, facial expressions, facial
sensation, and posture.
Pons
Pons
Sagittal fissure (also called
Longitudinal Fissure):The long
divide between the two cerebral
hemispheres
The septum pellucidum (also called the
septum lucidum) is a thin, triangular, vertical
membrane that separates the lateral ventricles of
the brain
septum pellucidum
Spinal cord – attaches to
brain stem
Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina = In the brain,
the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the
four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the posterior
aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex
centers involving vision and hearing. In humans, the superior
colliculus is involved in the generation of fast eye movements
and eye-head coordination.
Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina
Thalamus
•Function:
•Motor Control
•Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
• It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse
brain regions. Sort of a requisite 'last pit stop' for information
going to cortex.
Thalamus
Thalamus
Third ventricle
Function:
•Protects the Brain From Trauma
•Provides Pathway for the Circulation of
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Location:
•The third ventricle is a narrow cavity located
between the two hemispheres of the
hypothalamus/thalamus area
Third ventricle
Transverse fissure = separates cerebrum
from cerebellum
Meninges
membranes surrounding CNS
protect CNS
11-2
1) Dura mater - "tough mother", strong
 outermost membrane that is attached to the
inner periosteum of the skull but not to bone of
vertebrae
 tough, white fibrous CT
 contains many blood vessels & nerves
1) Dura mater -
The dura mater of the spinal cord is not
directly attached to the bone of the
vertebrae
 An epidural space is the space between
the dura mater and the lining of the
vertebral canal.
 This space is filled with loose
connective tissue and fat
Provides a second protective cushion
2) Arachnoid meninx – spider web-like
•Contains blood vessels
•Subarachnoid space = This space is filled
with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serves
as a cushion for the brain.
3) Pia mater - "delicate mother", adheres
tightly to surface of spinal cord and brain
surface
 very thin delicate CT
many nerves & blood vessels
dips into grooves & contours.
THE END!