Transcript Unit 1 - Body Organization Notes

A&P: Unit 1
Body Organization
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary System
• Includes: The skin
• Function: Protects
deeper tissue,
regulates body
temperature,
synthesizes
Vitamin D
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular System
• Includes: Skeletal
muscles, cardiac
muscles, smooth
muscles, and
tendons
• Function: contract
to allow
movement,
maintains posture
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Skeletal System
• Includes: Bone,
Cartilage,
Ligaments, Joints
• Function: Supports
body, Protects
certain cavities,
Stores minerals
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Digestive System
• Includes: Mouth,
Esophagus,
Stomach, Small and
Large Intestine,
Rectum, and Liver
• Function: Breaks
down food to deliver
nutrients to the body
cells; undigested
food leaves body as
feces
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Respiratory System
• Includes: Nasal
Passages, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea,
Bronchi, and Lungs
• Function: Supplies
blood with oxygen
and removes carbon
dioxide
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular System
• Includes: Heart, Blood
Vessels (Veins,
Arteries, and
Capillaries)
• Function: Carries
oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients,
hormones, wastes,
etc. through the body
in blood
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Nervous System
• Includes: Brain,
Spinal Cord, Nerves,
and Sensory
Receptors
• Function: detect and
respond to internal &
external changes by
activating
appropriate muscles
and glands
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Urinary System
• Includes: Kidneys,
Ureters, Bladder, and
Urethra
• Function: Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes
from the body,
maintains body’s
water and salt
balance, regulates pH
of the blood
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic System
• Includes: Lymphatic
vessels, Lymph Nodes,
Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils
• Functions: Picks up fluid
leaked from blood
vessels and returns it to
blood, cleanses blood,
house white blood cells
(involved with immunity)
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Endocrine System
•
•
Includes: Glands including pineal, pituitary,
thyroid, thymus, adrenal,
pancreas, testis (males),
and ovaries (females)
Function: secretion of
hormones that regulate
body activities (growth,
reproduction, and
metabolism)
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Reproductive System
• Males
 Includes: testes,
scrotum, penis,
glands, duct
system
 Function:
Produces sperm
and carries to the
outside of the
body
11 Organ Systems of the Body
Reproductive System,
con’t
• Females
 Includes: uterus,
ovaries, fallopian
tubes, vagina
 Function: Produces
eggs, serves as
locations for
fertilization and
development of the
fetus
Levels of Organization
• From smallest unit to largest unit:
– Chemical Level: atoms and compounds
– Cells: smallest unit of all living things
– Tissues: similar cells with common function
• There are 4 types of tissue – Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
– Organ: composed of two or more tissue
types
– Organ System: organs that cooperate to
accomplish a common goal
– Organism: highest level of organization
Homeostasis
• The body’s ability to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions – needed for life
• “homeo-” is unchanging, “-stasis” is standing
still
• This is another goal that your organ systems
work together to achieve
Homeostasis
• With homeostasis, your body isn’t really
“standing still”, but it’s trying to!
• It’s like a tight-rope walker – you want to stay on
the wire, but sometimes other forces affect you
(the wind, a slippery rope, noises, etc.)
• You must react to overcome the forces and rebalance yourself over the wire.
• Homeostasis works the same way…
• It attempts to keep an internal balance within
your body.
Homeostasis
• Communication/coordination within the
body is achieved mainly by the Nervous
and Endocrine Systems, but many of the
systems participate in some extent
• A response is triggered by some change in
the norm
Homeostasis
• Most control mechanisms are “Negative
Feedback Systems” – inhibit a change
– Examples include body temperature, heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and
blood levels of gases & nutrients
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• “Positive Feedback Systems” are rare
because they actually try to push your
body out of the normal balance to react to
an event that has occurred
• Examples include…
Homeostasis
• Birth
– Oxytocin (causes contractions) is released
due to pressure on the cervix
– Ends when the fetus is expelled
• Bleeding
– clotting yields more clotting, which is
eventually stopped by stopped blood flow
Homeostasis
Language of Anatomy
• Terms with precise meanings are used to
help medical and healthcare professionals
communicate effectively with one another
about the human body.
• You are responsible for the following terms
and being able to apply them!
Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical Position
–
–
–
–
Feet parallel
Arms hanging at sides
Palms facing forward
Thumbs pointing away
from body
• Don’t forget… his left
is on your right-hand
side!!!
RIGHT
LEFT
Body Position
• Supine
– Laying Face-up
• Prone
– Laying Face-Down
Directional Terms
• Superior (Cranial)
– Toward the head
– Above
• Inferior (Caudal)
– Away from the Head
– Below
Directional Terms
• Anterior (Ventral)
– Toward the front of the
body
– In front of
• Posterior (Dorsal)
– Toward the back of the
body
– Behind
Directional Terms
• Medial
– Toward midline
– Inner side
• Lateral
– Away from midline
– Outer Side
Directional Terms
• Intermediate
– Between a medial and
lateral structure
Directional Terms
• Proximal
– Closer to the
attachment point of a
limb to the body trunk
• Distal
– Farther from the
attachment point of a
limb to the body trunk
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
• Superficial
– Towards the body
surface
• Deep
– Away from the body
surface
– More internal
Directional Terms
• Ipsilateral
– On the same side of
the body
• Contralateral
– On opposite sides of
the body
Planes of the Body
• Median (Midsagittal)
Plane – divides into
equal right and left
sections
• Frontal (Coronal)
Plane – divides into
anterior and posterior
parts
• Transverse Plane –
divides into superior
and inferior parts
Body Cavities
• What kinds of organs
might be found in the
Dorsal Cavity?
• What kinds of organs
might be found in the
Ventral Cavity?
– Which of these organs
would be specific to the
Thoracic Cavity?
– To the Abdominopelvic
Cavity?
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Why would this
cavity be vulnerable
to damage?
• Because it is so
large, it is helpful to
break up this cavity
into smaller sections
for study
• One system used by
medical personnel
uses quadrants
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Another system used
by anatomists, divides
it into 9 regions
– “epi” is upon, “gastric”
is stomach
– “hypo” is below
– “Iliac” is the superior
part of hip bone
– “lumbus” is loin
– “chondro” is cartilage