opthalmoplasia
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Transcript opthalmoplasia
Opthalmoplagia
opthalmoparesis
Eye movement
Motor
Motor pathway
coordination
cerebellum
basal ganglia
vestibular system
Paralysis
opthalmoparesis
nystagmus
eye movement(motor) pathway
Supranuclear
brainstem
Internuclear
Nuclear
Craineal nerve
NMJ
muscle
Conjugate gaza palsy
Horizontal: cortex &pontine
Unilateral restriction of voluntary gaze to
one side .
Frontal damage: eye look to the lesion
epilepsy: eye look away
Pontine: abducent n or PPRF…impair look
to site of lesion, look away ,towered
hemiplasia
Vertical gaze palsy
Up –gaze palsy:pretectal lesion with damage to
post comissure
Pretectal: parinaud syndrom: (paralysis of upward
gaze,lid retraction,impaired converg,convergence
retraction nystagmus,light near dissosiation)
Causes:
tumer,hydrocephalus 3rd v compress on PC, stroke
of thalamic &midbrain ,MS,truma,wilson,syphlis
,TB,drug neuroliptic,barbiturate,tegretol)
Oculogyric crisis:
Defention:episodic, spasmodic,conjugate
ocular deviation,up wared &lateral.
Accompanied with mental changes, may
associate with dystonia or other dyskinesia
Causes: encephalities lethargica,
degenerative dis eg familial parkison, head
truma,neurosyphlis,MS,ataxia
telengictasia,drug:neuroleptic
Disconjucate eye movement
Internuclear pathology
INO:
Damage to the MLF between 3&6 nerve
,impair transmisstion of impulse to the
ipsilateral medial rectus
Impair ipsilateral adduction, abduction
nystagmus
No visual symptoms,other diplopia
Nystagmus cause not clear but may
adaptive
INO
Causes:
MS,brainstem infarct,truma,
The one and half syndrome
Impaired congucate gaze to one side &
impair adduction to the other side
PPRF or abducent nucleus + MLF
Nuclear ,nerve control
Double vision
Brain stem contain the lower motor control
of the eye movement
3rd supply all except:
4th SO, 6th LR
Nuclear (brain stem)
Long tract signs
Crossed phenomena
Causes:
Tumor,MS,stroke
cranial nerve pathology
ocular neuropathy :
Compressive :localization acoording to
stations
Non compressive: trauma, DM, vasculitis,
demyelinating ( miller fisher syndrome),
infection diphtheria
Ocular nerves pathway
3,4,6th nerve
subarachnoid space
cavernous sinus
Superior orbital fissure
orbit
At sub arachnoid
Complete 3rd n palsy +_ other CN
Causes:
Posterior communicating aneurysm 3rd,superior
cerebellur 4th nerve
Tumor :meningeoma ,shwanoma
Trauma
Meningitis
SAH
Uncal herniation
At cavernous sinus
Painful or painless if medially +_ 4,5,6
+ Horner syndrome
Causes:
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Dural carotid cavernous sinus fistula
Carotid aneurysm lateral painless
Pituitary adenoma, apoplexy
At superior orbital fissure
3 +_,4,5.6 (no horner ,no maxillary nerve)
Causes:
Tolosa hunt syndrome
At the orbit
Optic n visual loss, proptosis, swelling of lid
,chemosis
Causes:
Trauma ,tumor, cellulites
Imp note
Many lesion extend from cavernous sinus to
orbital apex and vice viscera
Combined 3rd n & sympathetic denervation
is pathognomonic for cavernous sinus lesion
neuromuscular
Myasthenia graves (flactuation)
botulism
muscle
Hereditary :mitochondrial
acquired
trauma
Thyroid
inflammatory