Transcript Nerve activates contraction

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 1: The Human organism
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.1
The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure and
shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function
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Slide 1.1
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
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Slide 1.2a
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
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Slide 1.2b
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Slide 1.3
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
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Slide 1.21
Anatomical Position
• Body erect
• Face forward
• Toes forward
• Palms forward
Figure 1.5a
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Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Slide 1.25
Body Landmarks
• Superior/Inferior
• Medial/Lateral
• Superficial/Deep
• Palmar/Dorsal
• Plantar/Dorsal
Figure 1.5a
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Slide 1.24
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Slide 1.26
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Slide 1.27
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Slide 1.28
Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Slide 1.29
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Slide 1.30
Characteristics of Living Organisms
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
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Slide 1.15
Characteristics of Living Organisms
• Metabolism – all chemical reactions
within the body. Includes:
• Digestion of nutrients
• Production of energy
• Building body structures
• Excretion
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Slide 1.16a
Necessary Life Functions
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
All of the above are “maintenance”
• Reproduction
• Keeps the species viable
• Most fun!!
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Slide 1.16b
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for most chemical reactions
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Slide 1.17a
Survival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Allows for cellular reactions
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Atmospheric
• Other???
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Slide 1.17b
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment
• a dynamic steady state
• Must be maintained for the body to
function normally
• Homeostatic imbalance = “dis-ease”
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Slide 1.18
Maintaining Homeostasis
• Bodily functions are managed by neural
and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
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Slide 1.19a
Maintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides for response to a stimulus
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Slide 1.19b
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
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Slide 1.20a
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and childbirth
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Slide 1.20b