Transcript Document
Introduction to Course and Nervous System NEU257 Mammalian Neuroanatomy 1/6/11 •Introductions •Structure of the course •Course website •Class structure •Textbook •Examinations •Goals of course • Two faces of neuroanatomy • Anatomy as organizational framework • Anatomy as experimental discipline Class structure • No required text, but required reading! • Read relevant chapters before you come to class • Combination of lecture and laboratory – More you read, more laboratory you get! – Class will be here unless otherwise noted • Lectures will be available as Powerpoint before class – Lecturers: Please copy your presentation to Flash drive Examinations • Practical – Teaching aid – Based on slides (Powerpoint) of brain regions • No black boxes – Material from lecture, laboratory and textbook fair game • Midterm and Final Useful web sites • Listed on your syllabus – Digital anatomist – Brainmaps.org – Neuroscience Information Framework – Neurolex – Brain Info Gross anatomy of the nervous system Adult mammalian neuroanatomy Organization of the Nervous System •CNS (neural plate) •Brain •Spinal cord •PNS (neural crest) •Somatic •Autonomic •Sympathetic •Parasympathetic •Enteric “gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson •Gut motility and secretion Directions Lateral Distal Ipsilateral Medial Proximal Relative to midline Lateral Distal Contralateral Planes of Section http://aids.hallym.ac.kr/d/kns/tutor/r1-7-3.jpg Cardinal planes vs oblique planes Quadruped vs Biped “For almost all vertebrates, including almost all bipeds, these axes all provide a consistent reference for anatomical positions across species—with the inferior/superior axis being roughly the same as the dorsal/ventral axis, and therefore redundant. Humans, however, have the rare property of having a torso oriented perpendicular to their direction of forward motion—while their head orientation remains consistent with other vertebrates on this axis. This makes the dorsal/ventral axis on humans redundant with the anterior/posterior axis, and the inferior/superior axis necessary. Because of this difference with humans, the anterior/posterior and inferior/superior axes are inconsistent between humans and other vertebrates in torso anatomy but consistent in head anatomy. “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location http://www.lrn.org/Graphics/Figure1.4.gif Transverse-Horizontal Frontal-coronal Dorsal-ventral/anterior posterior/superior-inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Planes_of_Section.JPG Development of the Nervous System Divisions of the Brain Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult Alar vs Basal Plates Sylvian Fissure Gyri and sulci Dividing up the brain Terms: •White matter vs gray matter •Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei •Nuclei vs Ganglia •Columns: elongated nuclei •Laminar (layered) structure Nissl vs Myelin Stain Callosum (L): hard, tough Corpus Callosum Commissure vs decussation More white matter terms • White matter: • Tract: common origin and destination • Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts) • Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on: Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matter Landmarks, e.g., sulci Histology Cytoarchitecture Chemoarchitecture Projection patterns Functional considerations General Functions Associated with each Lobe Somatosensory Motor P F O T Audition Structure-function relationships Vision Sulci form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas Cerebral Blood Supply The Ventricles Cerebral ventricles •Lateral ventricles •Interventricular foramen •Third ventricle •Cerebral aqueduct •Fourth ventricle Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section Useful guides for identification Meninges Pachymeninges=dura mater Leptomeninges = Arachnoid + pia mater Sinuses Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF •125 ml in adult human •500 ml/24 hr period •Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles •Forms “water cushion” for brain •Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces Flow of CSF Hydrocephalus Other Useful Websites • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neuroroot.html – Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words