Transcript The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions (cont`d)

Medical Language
Second Edition
CHAPTER
2
The Body in Health and
Disease
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Body in Health
• Seven different approaches for studying the
body:
– Body planes and body directions approach
– Body cavities approach
– Quadrants and regions approach
– Anatomy and physiology approach
– Microscopic-to-macroscopic approach
– Body systems approach
– Medical specialties approach
Figure 2-1 Human body in anatomical position
The Coronal Plane and Body
Directions
• The coronal plane (or frontal plane) is a
vertical plane that divides the body into front
and back sections.
• The coronal plane is named for the coronal
suture in the cranium.
Figure 2-2 Coronal plane
Figure 2-3 Coronal and sagittal sutures of the cranium
The Coronal Plane and Body
Directions (cont’d)
• The front of the body is the anterior or ventral
section.
• The back of the body is the posterior or dorsal
section.
• Lying with the anterior section of the body
down is being in the prone position.
• Lying with the posterior section of the body
down is being in the dorsal or supine position.
Figure 2-4 Anterior and posterior directions
Figure 2-5 Posteroanterior direction
The Sagittal Plane and Body
Directions
• A vertical plane that divides the body into
right and left sections.
• Named for the sagittal suture in the cranium.
• If this plane divides the body at the midline
into equal right and left sections, then it is a
midsagittal plane.
The Sagittal Plane and Body
Directions (cont'd)
• If this plane divides the body anywhere to the
left or right of the midline, it is a parasagittal
plane.
The Sagittal Plane and Body
Directions (cont’d)
• Moving from the side of the body toward the
midline is moving in a medial direction, or
medially.
• Moving from the midline toward the side of
the body is moving in a lateral direction, or
laterally.
Figure 2-6 Sagittal plane
Figure 2-7 Midsagittal view of the head on an MRI scan
(DR Unique/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
Figure 2-8 Medial and lateral are directional opposites
The Transverse Plane and Body
Directions
• Horizontal plane that divides the body into top
and bottom sections.
• The upper half of the body is the superior
section, and the lower half is the inferior
section.
Figure 2-9 Transverse plane
The Transverse Plane and Body
Directions (cont’d)
• Moving toward the head is moving in a
superior direction, or superiorly.
– This is also the cephalad direction.
• Moving toward the tailbone is moving in an
inferior direction, or inferiorly.
– This is also the caudad direction.
Other Body Directions and
Positions
• Moving from the body toward the end of a
limb (arm or leg) is moving in a distal
direction, or distally.
• Moving from the end of a limb toward where
it is attached to the body is moving in a
proximal direction, or proximally.
Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior parts
Figure 2-11 Cephalad and caudad directions
Figure 2-12 Distal and proximal directions
Other Body Directions and
Positions (cont’d)
• Structures on the surface of the body are
superficial or external structures.
• Structures below the surface and inside the
body are deep or internal structures.
Figure 2-13 External and internal positions
Body Cavities Approach
• The human body can be studied according to
its body cavities and their internal organs.
• A cavity is a hollow space that is surrounded
by bones or muscles.
• The cranial cavity lies within and is protected
by the cranium.
Body Cavities Approach (cont’d)
• The spinal cavity or spinal canal is a
continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels
down the midline of the back.
• The spinal cavity lies within and is protected
by the bones (vertebrae) of the spinal column.
• The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord, the
spinal nerves, and spinal fluid.
Body Cavities Approach (cont’d)
• The thoracic cavity lies within the chest and is
protected by the breastbone (sternum)
anteriorly, the ribs laterally, and the spinal
column posteriorly.
• The inferior border of the thoracic cavity is the
large, muscular diaphragm that functions
during respiration.
• The thoracic cavity contains the lungs.
Body Cavities Approach (cont’d)
• The abdominal cavity lies within the abdomen
and is protected by the bones of the spinal
column posteriorly.
• The pelvic cavity is a continuation of the
abdominal cavity and lies within and is
protected by the pelvic bones anteriorly and
laterally.
• These two cavities are often referred to as the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Figure 2-14 Body cavities
Quadrants and Regions Approach
• The human body can be studied according to
its quadrants and regions.
• The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic
area can be divided into four quadrants or
nine regions.
Quadrants and Regions Approach
(cont’d)
• The four quadrants include:
– Right upper quadrant (RUQ).
– Left upper quadrant (LUQ).
– Left lower quadrant (LLQ).
– Right lower quadrant (RLQ).
Figure 2-15 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area
Quadrants and Regions Approach
(cont’d)
• The nine regions include the:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Right and left hypochondriac regions.
Epigastric region.
Right and left lumbar regions.
Umbilical region.
Right and left inguinal or iliac regions.
Hypogastric region.
Figure 2-16 Regions of the abdominopelvic area
Anatomy and Physiology Approach
• Anatomy is the study of the structures of the
human body.
• Physiology is the study of the function of
those structures.
Microscopic-to-Macroscopic
Approach
• Most cells and cellular structures are
microscopic in size and can be seen only
through a microscope.
• Some cells, such as a female ovum, are large
enough to be seen with the naked eye.
• Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues
combine to form organs.
Figure 2-17 Using a microscope to study the human body
(microscope: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.; heart muscle: Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microscopic-to-Macroscopic
Approach (cont’d)
• Tissues and organs are macroscopic, that is,
they can be seen with the naked eye.
• Organs combine to form a body system.
• The human body contains several different
body systems.
Body Systems Approach
• The human body can be studied according to
its various organs and how they function
together in a body system.
– Gastrointestinal (Gl) system
– Respiratory system
– Cardiovascular (CV) system
– Blood
– Lymphatic system
– Integumentary system
Body Systems Approach (cont’d)
• The human body can be studied according to
its various organs and how they function
together in a body system.
– Skeletal system
– Muscular system
– Nervous system
– Urinary system
– Male genital and reproductive system
– Female genital and reproductive system
Body Systems Approach (cont’d)
• The human body can be studied according to
its various organs and how they function
together in a body system.
– Endocrine system
– Eyes
– Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system
Medical Specialties Approach
• The human body can be studied according to
the medical specialties that make up the
practice of medicine.
• Each medical specialty includes the anatomy,
physiology, diseases, diagnostic tests, medical
and surgical procedures, and drugs for that
body system.
Other Medical Specialties
• Other medical specialties that are not directly
related to a body system include the
following:
Medical Specialty
Description
psychiatry
study and treatment of the mind
oncology
study and treatment of cancer
radiology and nuclear
medicine
use of x-rays, sound waves, and other
forms of radiation and energy to
diagnose and treat disease
dentistry
study and treatment of the teeth and
gums
Other Medical Specialties (cont’d)
Medical Specialty
Description
dietetics
study and use of nutrition, nutrients, and
diet
pharmacology
study of drugs used as medicines
neonatology
study and treatment of newborn infants
pediatrics
study and treatment of infants and children
geriatrics
study and treatment of the elderly