Transcript INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Contents :
. Anatomical position
. Anatomical terms .
. Anatomical planes .
. Movements .
. Body cavities .
. Body systems .
. Abdominal regions .
.Patient positions .
. Joints .
Anatomy
Anatomy is derived from Greek roots that means to
cut up or dissect .
Anatomical Position :
The subject is standing erect .
All joints are extended.
The face is looking forwards.
The forearm is supinated .
The palm of the hand is facing anterior
Anatomical position
.All joints are extended.
. The eyes are opened
. The palm is facing anterior.
.The forearm is supinated .
.The face is forwards
Anterior
Posterior
Anatomical Planes
.Median plane = Sagittal plane
is a vertical plane passing
through the center of the body .
. Coronal plane :
is vertical to the median plane ;
divides the body into anterior & posterior
.Transverse plane : divides the body into upper &
lower parts .It is at right angle to
sagittal & coronal planes .
Anatomical Planes ( Sections )
Anatomical Planes
• parallel to the long axis :
• midsagittal : separates into equal right and left portions, it
•
is the mid-line of the body
• Parasigittal : separates into unequal right and left portions
• frontal (coronal) : parallel to the axis and separates the body into
anterior and posterior portions
• perpendicular to the long axis :
• transverse : separates the body into superior and inferior portions
• diagonal to the long axis :
• oblique : any which intersects the axis at other than a right angle,
separating the body on a diagonal
Anatomical planes
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Terms
• anterior (ventral)=front
posterior (dorsal)=back
superior (cranial)=upper
inferior (caudal)=lower
median = in the midline
• Medial = near the midline
lateral=away from the midline
• intermediate=between medial and lateral
proximal= point of origin
distal= away from origin
superficial= external/surface
deep= internal /surface
parietal= associated with body wall
• visceral= associated with organ
Patient Positions
.Supine position : the body is lying on the back
. Prone position : the body is lying flat with the
face downwards .
. Sims s position : postoperative
.Fowler s position : semi sitting
.Lithotomy position : gynecological position
.Lateral position : on one side of the body
. Erect position : standing
Patient Positions
Movements
Movement
Definition
Flexion
Decrease the angle of that joint ,
is a bending movement
Extension
Straightening movement that
increase the angle of a joint
Adduction
Movement near the body
Abduction
Movement away from the body
Rotation
Medial Rotation : rotation medially
Lateral Rotation : rotation laterally
Circumduction
Summation of flexion ,adduction
,extension ,abduction
Supination
The ulna & radius are parallel
The radius crosses over the ulna
Pronation
Movements
Fetal position : all joints are flexed
Body Cavities & Serous Sacs
The Serous sacs
.The serous sac is a closed sac ; made up of simple
squamous epithelium ( flat cells ) .
..The outer layer is known as the parietal layer & is
sensitive (is related to covering bones + muscles )
…The inner layer blends with the viscera & is called
the visceral layer.
The visceral layer is not sensitive , is supplied by the
Autonomic Nervous System .
A thin layer of fluid is present between the parietal &
visceral layers to prevent friction .
Serous sacs are 3 Ps ( Pericardium ,Pleura , Peritoneum )
Body Systems
Organ system
Components
Functions
. Integumentary
Skin , hairs ,nails
Protection
.Skeletal
Bones
Protection &
Support
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord , nerves
,
Sex organs
Receive / Transmit
impulses
.Muscular
Muscles
Movements
.Endocrine
Pituitary , Thyroid ,
Parathyroid , Adrenal,
Pancreas, ovary , testis
Hormonal
secretion(metabolism/
Homeostasis)
.
Organ System
Components
Function
Cardiovascular
( CVS )
Heart , blood vessels , blood
Transport
Lymphatic
Lymph vessels , lymph nodes
Tonsils , spleen
Transport , filtration
Respiratory
Nose, larynx ,trachea ,lungs
Gas exchange
Digestive
Mouth ,Esophagus ,Stomach
,Intestine , Salivary glands,
Pancreas ,Liver & gall bladder
Breakdown & absorption
Urinary
Kidneys , Ureters , Bladder &
Urethra
Filtration of blood &
Elimination of wastes
Reproduction
Gonads
of foods
Propagation
Abdominal Regions
The Body Regions
Right Hypochondrium :
( Liver & Gallbladder )
Right Lumbar
:
( Kidney & Adrenal gland )
Epigastric area :
stomach & Pancreas
Umbilical area
: Small Intestine
Left Hypochondrium :
( Spleen ,…..
)
Left Lumbar
:
( Kidney & Adrenal gland )
Right Iliac fossa : Hypogastric area : Left Iliac fossa :
Appendix, Cecum
( Urinary
,…………..
bladder
)
( Pelvic Colon ,
……… )
Joints
The Joints
The joint is the meeting of two or more bones .
According to the type & mode of connection
types of joints are known :
. Fibrous joint
. Cartilaginous joint
. Synovial joint
3
Fibrous Joints
Fibrous Joints
The fibrous tissues separate the articulating
bones become more harder by time ; may be
ossified .
e.g.
- Sutures of the skull
- Teeth ( gomphosis)
- Inferior tibio-fibular )syndesmosis )
joint
The Cartilaginous joints
According to the type of cartilage connecting the
bones ; 2 types are known :
a. Primary cartilaginous joint :
the cartilage is hyaline ; e.g. epiphyseal plate of
cartilage .
b. Secondary cartilaginous joint :
the cartilage is white fibro-cartilage e.g.
intervertebral disc, sternal angle , symphysis
pubis.
The secondary Cartilaginous joints
The I.V.D. is formed of nucleus pulposis
And annuleus fibrosis .
The secondary Cartilaginous joints
The sternal angle is the white
fibro-cartilage between the
Manubrium & the body of the
sternum.
This cartilage may be ossified
after the age of 40 years .
The sternal angle is at the level
of the 2nd rib .
The sternal angle is an important
landmark .
Synovial joint
In the synovial joint, the articular
bones are covered by hyaline
cartilage . The articular bones
are connected by a fibrous
capsule . The capsule is lined
by a synovial membrane which
secrets synovial fluid .This
synovial fluid acts as lubricant
& nutritive to the cartilage .
The outer surface of capsule is
surrounded by ligaments .
The capsule has rich blood &
sensory supply .
Synovial joint
Types of Synovial joint
According to the range of movements :
A. Plane synovial joint :
limited movements ( gliding )
B. Uniaxial joint :
-Hinge allows flexion & extension
-Pivot allows rotation
C. Biaxial joint : allows 2 movements ( Condylar ,
Ellipsoid )
D. Polyaxial joint : allows free movements
( ball & socket )