Transcript PPT

4. Word Formation
07002023 Park Sang Woo
context
4.5 Clipping
4.6 Acronymy
4.7 Back-formation
4.8 words from Proper Names
4.5 Clipping
Another common way of making a word is
to shorten a longer word by cutting a part
off the original and using what remains
instead. This is called clipping.
4.5 Clipping

a.
b.
c.
d.
There are four common types of clipping
Front clipping
Back clipping
Front and back clipping
phrase clipping
a. Front cliping
Quake (earthquake)
Copter (helicopter)
Scope (telescope)
Phone (telephone)
b. Back clipping
Dorm (dormitory)
Memo ( memorandum)
Stereo (stereophonic)
Gent (gentleman)
Fan (fanatic)
Disco (discotheque)
c. Front and back clipping
Flu (influenza)
Fridge
(refrigerator)
d. Phrase clipping
Pub (public house)
Zoo (zoological garden)
Pop (popular music)
Perm (permanent waves)
4.6 Acronymy
 Acronymy is the process of forming new
words by joining the initial letters of names
of social and political organizations or
special noun phrases and technical terms.
Words formed in this way are called
initialisms or acronyms, depending on the
pronunciation of the words.
4.6.1 Initialisms
a. Letter represent full words :
VOA
• Voice of America
BBC
• British Broadcasting
Corporation
C/O
• Care of
P. C
• Postcard
UFO
•
Unidentified flying object
4.6.1 Initialisms
b. Letters represent constituents in a compound or
just parts of a word
TV
• television
ID
• Identification or identity
card
TB
• tuberculosis
GHQ
• General Headquarters
4.6.2 Acronyms
• Acronyms are words formed from initial
letters but pronounced as a normal word, for
example radar ( radio detecting and ranging)
, and WAVES (Women Appointed for
voluntary Emergency Service), etc.
4.6.2 Acronyms
More examples are as follows:
NATO
• The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
AIDS
• Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome
BASIC
• Beginner’s all-purpose
symbolic instruction code
4.6.2 Acronyms
CORE
• Congress of Racial Equality
laser
• Light wave amplification by
simulated emission of
radiation
TEFL
• Teaching English as a
foreign language
4.6.2 Acronyms
Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of
the first word plus the whole of the second, e.g.
• nuclear
N-bomb bomb
D
•Defense
Notice Notice
4.6.2 Acronyms
G-man
• Government man
D Day
• Decimalization day
V-Day
• Victory Day
4.7 Back-formation
(역성어)
• Back-formation is considered to be the
opposite process of suffixation. As we know,
suffixation is the formation of new words by
adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation
is therefore the method of creating words by
removing the supposed suffixes.
• 동사 → 명사 파생 형이 아니라 그 반대
순서로 어휘가 파생
ex) edit (from editor), animate (from animation)
4.7 Back-formation
Back-formation usually involves the
following types of words:
1.Abstract
nouns
• Diagnose diagnosis
• Donate - donation
• Enthuse enthusiasm
• Emote - emotion
4.7 Back - formation
2. Human
nouns
• Loaf – loafer
• Sculpt – sculptor
• Burgle - burglar
• Beg - beggar
4.7 Back - formation
3. Compound
nouns and
others
• Eavesdrop –
eavesdropping
• Merry make –
• merry making
• Babysit - babysitter
4.7 Back-formation
• Drowse –
drowsy
• Laze - lazy
4. Adjectives
• Frivol frivolous
4.8 Words from Proper Names
Modern English has a large number of
words which come from proper nouns.
They include names of people, names of
places, names of books and trade names.
1. Names of people
Words of this group are from names of
scientists, inventors, etc. e. g. ampere, farad,
ohm, volt, watt from French physicist
Ampere, British physicist Faraday, German
physicist Ohm, Italian physicist Volta and
Scottish inventor Watt respectively.
These terms are now used as measurements
of electricity.
2. Names of places
Many words denoting products, objects or
materials come from the names of places
where they were first produced, e.g. china
(porcelain), from the homeland China,
afghan ( a kind of knitted rug) first made in
Afghanistan, jersey (sweater) from
Champagne in France where the wine
champagne was first produced, and rugby
( a sport of ball games) from a British
Rugby School, which used to be known for
the game.
3. Names of books
 Quite a few words come from names of books and
thus take on the meanings associated with the
names described in the books. For example, utopia
( a imaginary perfect society) is from Sir Thomas
Moore's book Utopia, Odyssey ( an extend
journey) from Homer’s epic The Odyssey, which
describes all the hardships Odysseus experienced
on his voyage home after the fall of Troy, and
Babbit (a person concerned mainly with business
and position, caring little for art or culture) from
the novel Babbit by Sinclair Lewis.
4. Tradenames
When proper nouns are commonized, many
of them have lost their original identity
Words that are commonized from proper
nouns have rich cultural associations and
thus stylistically vivid, impressive and
thought-provoking, e. g.
4.Tradenames
• [19] I want to be TV’s czar of script and
grammar.
• [20] Churchill, a bent Pickwick in blue
uniform, looked up at him with majestic
good humor, much older, more dignified,
more assured.
• [21] It is with procrustean thoroughness that
the Soviet government squelches all dissent.
4.Tradenames
czar
• The word czar refers to the
emperors of Russia until
1917, but it originates from
the Roman Emperor Caesar.
Now it is used to denote ‘any
one with great or unlimited
power’, ‘authority’.
4. Tradenames
Pickwick
• The word Pickwick, not only
describes the outward
appearance of Churchill but
also depicts his inward
personality, building up an
amiable image in the reader’s
mind, so vivid and striking as
if right in front of one.
4.Tradenames
procrustean
• The word procrustean conjures up
quite a different image. It is from
Procrustes, a giant of Attica who
tortured travelers by stretching or
cutting off their limbs to make them
fit his bed, hence ‘ruthless in trying
to force conformity’. The soviet
government treats the dissent with
the same cruelty as Procrustes did
with the travelers, leaving an
unforgettable picture of horror and
terror.
Thank you