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Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics
Tahun
: 2008
Session 7
Morphology 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the meeting, students are able to
• Describe the word classes and give example of each
word class
• Explain the different types of word formation such as
acronyms, abbreviation, compounding.
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OUTLINE
– Word Classes
• Adjective, verb, preposition, noun, determiner
• Pronoun, adverb, conjunction, exclamation
– Word Formation
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Compounding
Acronyms
Back formation
Abbreviation/Clipping
Blends
3
Definition of word
There are four implied meaning of ‘word’:
• Orthographic word : one which has a space on either
side of it.
• Morphological word : consider the form not meaning
• Lexical word: various forms of items which are closely
related by meaning.
• Semantic word: involves distinguishing between items
which may be morphologically identical but differ in
meaning.
Example: The words : takes, taking, taken, take and took
have 5 orthographic words, 5 morphological words, 1
lexical word, 1 semantic word.
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Word Classes
According to its functions, word can be divided into:
• Noun : the name of a person, animal, concept or thing.
• Determiner : adjective like word which precedes both
adjectives and nouns
• Pronoun: word that can replace a noun or a noun phrase
• Adjective: a descriptive word that qualifies and describe
nouns
• Verb: a word that expresses an action
• Adverb : a word that is used to modify a verb, an
adjective, a sentence or another adverb
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Word Classes
• Preposition : function words which are always followed
by a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun.
• Conjunction : a joining word, divided into coordinating
conjunction and subordinating conjunction.
• Exclamation : involuntary utterance expressing fear,
pain, surprise. Also called ‘interjection’ if it is
monosyllabic utterance.
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Word Formation
1. Compounding
The combination of two or more existing
words to create a new word.
E.g. street light, blue bird, high chair
bookcase
2. Affixation
Prefix – the addition to the front of the base
E.g. play – re-play
Suffix – the addition to the back of the base
E.g. use – useful
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Word Formation
3. Clipping/Abbreviation
the process of shortening the
polysilabic word by deleting oie
or more syllables
E.g. hamburger – burger
Professor – prof
4. Acronym
Forming a word by taking the
initial letters (some or all) the
word in the phrase or title and
pronouncing them as a word.
E.g. UNICEF, NASA. AIDS
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Word Formation
5. Back Formations
The forming of new word because of an incorrect
morphological analysis of the already existing words. For
example the word ‘hawk’ is derived from ‘hawker’; ‘edit’
from editor
6. Blends
Two words are combined to produce blend. It is similar to
compounding but parts of the words are deleted.
For example: ‘smog’ is from smoke + fog; ‘motel’ is from
motor + hotel.
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