Transcript Loanword

** Loanword **
E2C
93121312 賴婷吟
93121319 林書宇
93121320 邱惠庭
93121326 劉佩詩
93121328 林琬芳
93121330 賴德純
*Loanword
1. A word is taken into one language from another with
little or no translation.
2.The word "loanword" originated from a calque of the
German Lehnwort.
3.Loanwords are typically far less than the "native"
words in most languages .
4. They are often widely known and used;For example,
to provide a name for a new invention.
*Distinction between borrowing and inheriting
Borrowing
It is when words are added to a language from any
language other than the ancestral language or, on the
other hand, when words from one language are taken into
another language.
Inheriting
The bulk of the vocabulary of a language is
inherited from its ancestral language. The "native" words
of the language, are not considered to have been
borrowed.
*Classes of borrowed words
*Certain classes of loanwords are more common:
1. Function words:
Ex: pronouns, numbers, words referring to universal
concepts,are usually not borrowed.
2. Exotic words:
Words referring to exotic concepts or ideas are
usually borrowed. What is "exotic" can vary from
language to language.
*Beyond words
Idiomatic expression and phrases, sometimes
translated word-for-word, can be borrowed, usually
from a language that has "prestige" at the time.
Often, a borrowed idiom is used as a euphemism
for a less polite term in the original language. In
English, this has usually been Latinisms from the Latin
language and Gallicisms from French.
*Loanwords in English
English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerised
survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford
Dictionary. Their estimates for the origin of English words were
as follows:
＊French, including Old French and early Anglo-French: 28.3%
＊Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%
＊Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25%
＊Greek: 5.32%
＊No etymology given or unknown: 4.03%
＊Derived from proper names: 3.28%
＊All other languages contributed less than 1%
*History of the English Loan Words:
* Celtic: Celtic dialects (Welsh. Irish. Scots. Gaelic)
example: flannel, clan, slogan, whisky…
* Angles, Saxons, Jutes: Germanic dialects
* Normans: French (commercial. social. cultural matters. )
* Scandinavian raiders (Old Norse): pronouns (they, their, them)
* Renaissance: learned words from Greek and Latin words.
From Greek: drama, tragedy, botany, physics, zoology, atomic
From Latin: bonus, scientific, exit, alumnus, quorum, describe
*Loanwords in English
This survey shows no information about the frequency of
words, however. If the frequency of words is considered, words
from Old and Middle English occupy the vast majority.
The reasons for English's vast borrowing include:
1.The invasion of England by the Vikings and the Normans;
2.Its modern importance;
3.Its being a scientific language;
4.Its development as a trade language in the 18th century;
5.The flexibility of its syllable structure.
*Loanwords of English:
1.From Dutch: about shipping
Buoy 救生圈 freight 貨物 leak 漏
pump
yacht 快艇
2.From German:
quartz 石英
cobalt 鈷
3.From Italian: musical terms…
opera piano virtuoso 大師 balcony 包廂
influenza 流感
4.From Arabic:
alcohol algebra代數學 cipher密碼 zero
5.From Spanish:
barbecue, cockroach蟑螂
ranch California
6.From Japanese
sushi 壽司
tofu 豆腐
shiitake 香菇
manga 漫畫
tsunami 海嘯 geisha 藝妓
7.From Korean
kimchi 泡菜 tae kwon do 跆拳道
enoki 金針菇
8.From Chinese
kung-fu 功夫
ketchup 番茄醬
feng-shui 風水 tea 茶 gi 氣 cheongsam 旗袍
typhoon 颱風
9.From Latin
alter ego 知己
in situ 在原處地
cf.= compare 參照 et cetera (etc.) 等等
exotica異國的奇珍異寶
inter alia 尤其是
10.From French
gratin 焗 bijou 精緻小巧的東
denouement 結局
11.From Yiddish
yenta 長舌婦 lox 燻鮭魚 bagel schmo 傻瓜
chic 時髦的
Loan translations:
Loan translations are compound words or expressions whose
parts are translated literally into the borrowing language.
Examples:
1. Marriage of convenience--- mariage de convenance
2.
Hot dog--- perros calientes
adjustment reversing the order of the adjective and noun, as
required by the rules of Spanish syntax.
*Loanwords in Chinese:
To my knowledge we use the foreign word to have two kinds of situations ,
does not have this words for our Chinese . It is been for statement of
Chinese in two smoothly, (or not the getting cooler more enough) .
Ex:
humor 幽默
raser 雷射
chocolate 巧克力
pudding 布丁
hamburger 漢堡
champagne 香檳
series 系列
neon 霓虹燈
model 模特兒
sofa 沙發
motorcycle 摩托車
sauna 三溫暖
golf 高爾夫球
poker 撲克牌
shock 休克
T-shirt T恤
meter 米達尺
cartoon 卡通
boycott 杯葛
romance 羅曼史
shangrila 香格里拉 (人間的理想樂園)
ham 洋火腿
lighter 打火機
auto bike 機車
screw-driver 起子
tomato 番茄
camera 相機
battery 電池
truck 卡車
card 卡片
Nylon 尼龍
scooter 速克達
engine 引擎
handle-bar 方向盤