Transcript Pathological

Pathological
Abrasion
The wearing down or rubbing away or removal of the superficial layers of skin
or mucous membrane in a limited area
Acne
Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with multiple noninflammatory follicular papules or comedones and
by inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules in its more severe forms. Acne vulgaris mostly affects the areas of skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles;
these areas include the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Severe acne is inflammatory, but acne can also manifest in noninflammatory forms. Acne lesions are
commonly referred to as pimples, blemishes, spots, zits, or simply acne. Acne lesions are caused by changes in pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a hair follicle
and its associated sebaceous gland, changes which require androgen stimulation.
Acne occurs most commonly during adolescence, affecting more than 96% of teenagers, and frequently continues into adulthood. In adolescence, acne is usually caused by
an increase in male sex hormones, which people of both genders accrue during puberty.For most people, acne diminishes over time and tends to disappear—or at the very
least decrease—after one reaches one's early twenties. There is, however, no way to predict how long it will take to disappear entirely, and some individuals will carry this
condition well into their thirties, forties and beyond.
Alopecia
Alopecia areata is the name for a condition in which round patches of hair loss appear suddenly. The hair-growing tissue is attacked by the patient's own
immune cells for unknown reasons. There are three stages: first, there is sudden hair loss, then the patches of hair loss enlarge, and last, new hair grows
back. This process takes months, sometimes more than a year, but rarely does the hair never grow back.
II. Causes:
We do not know why the immune cells attack the hair-growing tissue.
Alopecia areata is not contagious, not caused by foods, and is not the result of nervousness.
Alopecia areata sometimes runs in families.
Carbuncle
A carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usually with one or more openings draining pus onto the skin. It is usually caused by bacterial infection most commonly
Staphylococcus aureus. The infection is contagious and may spread to other areas of the body or other people.
A carbuncle is made up of several skin boils. The infected mass is filled with fluid, pus, and dead tissue. Fluid may drain out of the carbuncle, but sometimes the mass is so
deep that it cannot drain on its own. Carbuncles may develop anywhere, but they are most common on the back and the nape of the neck. Men get carbuncles more often
than women. Because the condition is contagious, family members may develop carbuncles at the same time. Often, the direct cause of a carbuncle cannot be determined.
Things that make carbuncle infections more likely include friction from clothing or shaving, generally poor hygiene and weakening of immunity. For example, persons with
diabetes and immune system diseases are more likely to develop staphylococcal infections.
The carbuncle may be the size of a pea or as large as a golf ball. It may be red and irritated and might hurt when touched. It may also grow very fast and have a white or
yellow center. It may crust or spread to other skin areas. Sometimes, other symptoms may occur. These may include fatigue, fever and general discomfort or sick feeling.
Sometimes an itching occurs before the carbuncle develops.
Comedo (Blackhead)
Contusion (Bruise)
Cyst
Decubitus Ulcer
Pressure sores are areas of damaged skin caused by staying in one position for too long. They commonly form where your bones are close to
your skin, such as your ankles, back, elbows, heels and hips. You are at risk if you are bedridden, use a wheelchair, or are unable to change
your position. Pressure sores can cause serious infections, some of which are life-threatening. They can be a problem for people in nursing
homes.
Ecchymosis
Eczema
Eczema, or dermatitis as it is sometimes called, is an inherited skin sensitivity that can be easily irritated by many
factors including, stress, water, some foods, irritants like soap and chemicals, allergic reactions, cats, wool, infections
and many other factors. Individuals with eczema often have a family history of allergies, asthma, eczema, and hayfever.
Furuncle
A Staphylococcal skin infection which involves a hair follicle, often referred to as a boil or a furuncle
Hirsutism
Hirsutism (from Latin hirsutus = shaggy, hairy) is the excessive and increased hair growth on female humans in those
parts of the body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal - for example, a beard or chest hair. It
refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological
concern. Hirsutism is a symptom rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition,
especially if it develops well after puberty
Impetigo
Impetigo is a highly contagious disease caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria. It causes a superficial skin infection
which appears red with yellow or golden crusts. It is seen frequently in children on the face, upper trunk, and arms. Note that the
nose is also infected.
Petechia
Small red spots on the skin that usually indicate a low platelet count
Psoriasis
Psoriasis (pronounced /səˈraɪəsɪs/) is a chronic, non-infectious diseasethat affects mainly the skin. It is currently suspected to be autoimmune
in origin. It commonly causes red, scaly patches to appear on the skin, although some patients have no dermatological symptoms. The scaly
patches caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques are areas of inflammation and excessive skin production. Skin rapidly accumulates at
these sites and takes on a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows and knees, but can affect any area
including the scalp, palms of hands and soles of feet, and genitals. In contrast to eczema, psoriasis is more likely to be found on the extensor
aspect of the joint.
Scabies
Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabei. It is common all over the world, and it affects
people of all races and social classes. Scabies spreads quickly in crowded conditions where there is frequent skin-to-skin contact
between people. Hospitals, child-care centers and nursing homes are examples. Scabies can easily infect sex partners and other
household members. Sharing clothes, towels, and bedding can also spread scabies.
Skin Lesions
Tinea (Ringworm)
Ringworm is a skin infection caused by a fungus. Ringworm can affect skin on your body (tinea corporis), scalp (tinea capitis), groin
area (tinea cruris), also called jock itch), or feet (tinea pedis), also called athlete's foot).
Urticaria (Hives)
Urticaria (from the Latin urtica, nettle (whence It. ortica, Sp. ortiga, Pg. urtiga) urere, to burn) (or hives) are a kind of skin rash
notable for dark red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many non-allergic
causes. For example, most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic
urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) are rarely due to an allergy. The majority of patients with chronic hives have an
unknown (idiopathic) cause.
Vitiligo
There are several diseases marked by a lack of pigment in the skin that are grossly referred to as leukoderma; some are caused by an inability of melancocytes to produce
melanin, while others are caused by melanocytes either not being present or being destroyed. The latter are the pathology of the phenotypically similar traits piebaldism
and the disease vitiligo. Piebaldism, which is present from birth, is a lack of melanocytes in the skin, while vitiligo is a progressive disease in which the melanocytes are
gradually destroyed causing unpigmented areas on the skin. The exact etiology of vitiligo is unknown, but four main theories exist to explain it: the autoimmune hypothesis,
the neural hypothesis, the self-destruct hypothesis, and the growth factor defect hypothesis. It is believed that vitiligo is a polygenic trait and that a convergence theory,
combining elements of different theories across a spectrum of expression is the most accurate etiology (Njoo & Westerhof 2001). Vitiligo is not a physically damaging
disease; other than an increased sensitivity to UV radiation most of the disease’s effects are social and psychological, especially for dark-skinned races. There are both
surgical and non-surgical treatments for vitiligo
Warts
Cause and Types of Warts
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Warts are caused by a virus called human papilloma virus or HPV. There are
approximately 130 strains of human papilloma viruses.[Types 1, 2, and 3
cause most of the common warts.[3]
Type 1 is associated with deep plantar (sole of the foot) and palmar (palm
of the hand) warts.
Type 2 causes common warts, filiform warts, plantar warts, and mosaic
plantar warts.
Type 3 causes plane warts, commonly known as flat warts.
A range of different types of wart have been identified, varying in shape
and site affected, as well as the type of human papillomavirus involved.
Common wart (Verruca vulgaris) a raised wart with roughened surface,
most common on hands and knees;
Flat wart (Verruca plana), a small, smooth flattened wart, flesh coloured,
which can occur in large numbers; most common on the face, neck, hands,
wrists and knees;
Filiform or digitate wart, a thread- or finger-like wart, most common on
the face, especially near the eyelids and lips;
Plantar wart (verruca, Verruca pedis), a hard sometimes painful lump,
often with multiple black specks in the center; usually only found on
pressure points on the soles of the feet;
Mosaic wart, a group of tightly clustered plantar-type warts, commonly on
the hands or soles of the feet;
Genital wart (venereal wart, Condyloma acuminatum, Verruca acuminata),
a wart that occurs on the genitalia.
Periungual wart, a cauliflower-like cluster of warts that occurs around the
nails.