Transcript Integumentary System and Diseases

The Integumentary System
Healthcare Science
Technology Applications
The Skin
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Has been called a
membrane and an organ
Most anatomy courses
refer to it as a system
Three main layers of the skin
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The Epidermis – the outermost layer
The Dermis – also called true skin
Subcutaneous – the innermost layer
Epidermis
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Outermost layer
Actually made of 5 – 6
smaller layers
Has no blood vessels or
nerve cells
Cells are constantly
shedding and being
replaced
Dermis
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True skin
Has a framework of
elastic connective tissue
Contains blood vessels,
nerves, involuntary
muscle, sweat and oil
glands and hair follicles
Forms lines or ridges
that we call fingerprints
Subcutaneous
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Innermost layer
Made of elastic and
fibrous connective
tissue and fatty tissue
Connects the skin to the
underlying muscles
Seven Functions of the
Integumentary System
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Protection – barrier to
the sun, invasion of
germs, holds in
moisture
Sensory Perception –
respond to pain,
pressure, temperature
and touch
Body Temp Regulation
– blood vessels retain or
loose heat
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Storage – fat, sugar,
water, vitamins and
salts
Absorption – some
medicines
Excretion – salt and
excess water
Production – vitamin D
Glands
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Sudoriferous (Sweat glands) – coiled
tubes that extend through the dermis
and open on the surface of the skin at
pores
Sebaceous (Oil glands) – Open onto
hair follicles
Hair
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Consists of a root which
grows in a hollow tube
(follicle) and a hair shaft
Protects the body and
covers all surfaces
except palms of hands
and soles of feet
Nails
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Protect the fingers and
toes from injury
Made of dead epidermal
cells packed closely
together
Pigmentation
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Melanin – brownish black pigment leads
to yellow, brown or black skin tint.
Melanin can be concentrated in small
areas (freckles)
Carotene – yellowish-red pigment also
helps determine skin color
A person who has an absence of color
pigments is an albino – skin has a
pinkish tint, hair is pale yellow or white
Abnormal colors of the skin
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Erythema – a reddening
of the skin caused by
burns or congestion of
blood in vessels
Abnormal colors of the skin
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Jaundice – a yellowing of
the skin caused by bile
in the blood or diseases
that involve destruction
of red blood cells
Abnormal colors of the skin
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Cyanosis – bluish
discoloration caused by
lack of oxygen
Skin Eruptions
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Macules – flat spots on
the skin (freckles)
Papules – firm raised
areas (pimples, syphilis)
Vesicles – blisters or
fluid filled sacs
(chickenpox)
Pustules – puss filled
sacs (acne)
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Crusts – areas of dried
pus and blood (scabs)
Wheels – itchy, raised
areas with irregular
shapes (hives, insect
bites)
Ulcers – deep loss of
skin surface (bedsore)
Macules
Papules
Pimples
Syphilis
Vesicles
Chicken Pox
Pustules
Smallpox
Crusts
Wheals
Ulcers
Ulcers occasionally need to be
photographed
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To document size and stage
For evaluation of dressing techniques
Always obtain consent before
photographing and remember…..
Expose only what is necessary
Photograph only affected
areas
Get a close up if possible
Integumentary System
Keep it healthy
Diseases of the Integumentary
System
Acne Vulgaris
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Skin condition characterized by pustules
(whiteheads), papules (red pimples,
zits) and blackheads
Inflammation of the sebaceous gland
Gland produces too much oil - pores
become blocked
Acne vulgaris
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Commonly appears
on the face and
shoulders
Usually occurs at
adolescence
3 out of 4 teenagers
have acne to some
extent
Acne Vulgaris
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Causes
Hormonal changes
Increased secretion of sebum
Oily cosmetics and hair products
Steroids
High levels of humidity and sweating
Despite popular belief – chocolate, nuts and
other foods do NOT cause Acne
Acne Vulgaris
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Symptoms
papules, pustules,
white heads and
blackheads
redness around skin
eruptions
crusting of skin
eruptions
scarring of the skin
Acne Vulgaris
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Treatment
frequent skin washing
avoiding creams and heavy makeup
avoid touching face
antibiotic or Vitamin A ointment
oral antibiotics
ultraviolet light treatments
Athlete’s foot
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Contagious fungal infection – usually of
the feet
Causes
closed shoes
keeping feet wet
excessive sweating
direct contact - shower or pool surfaces
Athlete’s foot
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Symptoms
cracked, flaking,
peeling skin
between the toes
red and itchy
burning or stinging
blisters
Athlete’s foot
Athlete’s foot
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Treatment
over the counter antifungal powders or
creams
keep feet clean and dry
wash feet thoroughly with soap and
water
wear clean, cotton socks
change socks and shoes often
Cancer of the skin
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Uncontrolled growth of skin cells
If left unchecked - can spread to other tissue
and organs
Frequently develops from a mole
Causes
exposure to the sun
chemicals or radiation
abnormal growth of cells in the epidermis
Cancer of the skin
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Risk factors
Complexion – light-colored skin, hair
and eyes
Genetics – family history increases risk
Age – > 40
Sun burn – ears, nose, hands
Cancer of the skin
Symptoms
Many different appearances
 small, shiny
 scaly and rough
 firm and red
 crusty or bleeding
 asymmetry, irregular
boarders, color, diameter
Cancer of the skin
Treatment
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Scraping
Cauterization
Freezing
Surgical removal
Radiation
Prevention!!
Dermatitis
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Inflammation of the skin caused by
many factors
Most frequently an allergic reaction
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detergents
cosmetics
pollen
foods
poison ivy or poison oak
Dermatitis
Symptoms
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dry skin
redness
itching
tenderness
rash
scaling
Dermatitis
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Treatment
Initial – wash with lots of water
Further exposure to known irritants should be
avoided
Long term treatment
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eliminate the cause (cats, carpet, change
detergent)
anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines,
steroids
Eczema
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A noncontagious
disorder caused by
an allergen or
irritant
Most common in
infants
In adults – a chronic
condition
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Causes
irritants
diet
cosmetics
medications
emotional stress
Eczema
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Symptoms
Dryness, redness,
itching
Rash, dry leathery
skin areas
Vesicles, crusts and
scaling
Eczema
Eczema
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Treatment
Varies depending on appearance
Remove the irritant
Chronic thickened areas - ointments or
creams that contain tar
Steroids to reduce swelling
Impetigo
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Highly contagious disease
Caused by streptococcus or
staphylococcus bacteria
Superficial - appears red with yellow or
golden crusts
Frequently in children on face, upper
trunk and arms
Impetigo
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Symptoms
Redness
Itching
Oozing vesicles,
pustules
Yellow crust
Impetigo
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Treatment
Goal - cure the infection and relieve the
symptoms
Antibacterial creams
Wash with soap and water
Keep dry
Sometimes oral antibiotics are needed
Psoriasis
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Common, chronic skin disorder
Approximately 3 million Americans
affected
Most commonly begins between ages
15 and 35
An inherited disorder
Most commonly seen on truck, elbows,
knees, scalp
Psoriasis
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Caused by build up of
dead skin cells
Symptoms – thick red
areas covered with
white or silver scales
May crack and become
painful
Psoriasis
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Treatment
No cure
Control symptoms
and prevent
infection
Shampoos, coal/tar
ointments
Ultraviolet light
Scale removal
Ringworm
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Highly contagious fungus infection of
the skin or scalp
NOT caused by a worm
Direct contact or contact combs,
clothes, shower or pool surfaces
Can be transmitted from pets to
humans
Ringworm
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Symptoms
Flat or raised circular area
Clear center surrounded by
an itchy, scaly or crusty
ring
If scalp or beard – bald
patches
Nails – discolored, thick,
crumble
Ringworm
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Treatment
Keep skin clean and
dry
Apply over-the
counter cream or
lotion
Severe or persistent
infection – see MD
Treat infected pets
Verrucae (warts)
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Small usually painless growths on the
skin
Generally harmless - can be disfiguring
and embarrassing
Occasionally can itch or hurt (soles of
feet)
Caused by a virus
Verrucae (warts)
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Symptoms
Raised round or oval
growth – rough
Light, dark or rarely
black
Occur on face, arms,
legs, hands and/or
feet
Verrucae (warts)
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Treatment
Some disappear
spontaneously
Others - electricity,
liquid nitrogen, acid or
chemicals
Duct tape
It’s the only skin you’ve
got….keep it healthy!