Transcript Power Point-The Integumentary System

Integumentary
System
SKIN
• Largest organ of the body
• Forms a barrier that protects us from
the outside world, especially from
infection and injury
• Prevents the loss of water and other
body fluids
Functions
• Protects us from the
toxic effect of
ultraviolet irradiation
by producing melanin
• Helps to recognize
heat, cold, touch, and
pain by nerve endings
and sensory
receptors.
• When exposed to
sun's rays, skin
produces vitamin D3,
an essential step in
the formation of
vitamin D which helps
in bone formation.
• Regulates body
temperature –when
we are hot, we sweat.
When we are cold we
shiver.
Functions cont.
• Stores fat, sugar, water, vitamins,
and salts.
• Absorbs some substances, such as
medications like those for motion
sickness.
• Excretes salt, water, and waste
through perspiration.
Structure of the Skin
• 3 main layers
– Epidermis
– Dermis
– Subcutaneous
• Epidermis
– Top layer
– Made up of 4 other
layers
• Dermis
–
–
–
–
–
–
connective tissue
blood vessels
nerve endings
hair follicles
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
• Subcutaneous
– contains fatty tissue
– attaches dermis to the
underlying tissues (e.g.
the muscles).
Skin Color
Color determined by
pigments in the
epidermis of the skin.
Abnormal skin colors can
indicate disease.
Erythema
• reddish color
• can be caused by either
burns or a congestion of
blood in the vessels.
Jaundice
• yellow discoloration of the
skin
• May indicate bile in the
blood as a result of liver or
gallbladder disease.
Cyanosis
• bluish discoloration of the
skin
• insufficient oxygen.
Albino
• The absence of color
pigments
Jaundice
Erythema
• Cyanosis
• Albino
Skin Eruptions
• Seven types of skin eruptions
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
– 4.
– 5.
– 6.
– 7.
macules
papules
vesicles
pustules
crusts
wheals
ulcers
Skin Eruptions
• Macules – flat spots on the skin, such as freckles.
Skin Eruptions
• Papules – firm, raised
areas. Moles are a
good example
Skin Eruptions
• Vesicles – blisters,
or fluid-filled sacs,
such as those seen
in chickenpox.
Skin Eruptions
• Pustules – pusfilled sacs such as
those seen in acne
or pimples.
Skin Eruptions
Crusts – areas of dried pus and blood,
commonly called “scabs”.
Skin Eruptions
• Wheals – itchy,
elevated areas with
irregular shape;
hives and insect
bites for example.
Ulcers
• Deep loss of skin surface
• May extend down into dermal layer
• Occasional bleeding
• Scars will form
Stage 1 Ulcer
• Damage is limited to the top two
layers of skin. The skin is not broken
and the redness does not turn white
when touched.
Stage 2 Ulcer
• Damage extends beyond the top two
layers. The skin is slightly broken.
The sore appears to be an abrasion,
blister or small crater.
Stage 3
• Damage down to the superficial
layers of the skin, adipose tissue,
and the muscle. The ulcer appears as
a deep crater.
Stage 4
• Damage includes destruction of all
soft tissue structures and involves
bone or joint structures.
• What is Acne?
– A skin condition in adolescence,
affecting the face, chest, and back.
• What causes Acne?
• Overreacting and inflammation of the
sebaceous glands cause acne
• Oily sebum accumulates in the hair follicles,
producing pustules and black heads.
• Severe cases can be treated with antibiotics.
• How to cure Acne
• Ingredients
• · 3 teaspoons of salt
· warm water
• Add the salt to the water in your bathroom basin and wash
your face thoroughly twice a day for best results.
It will leave your skin free of oil.
• First, gently wash your face with a mild soap and rinse well.
Next, apply the vinegar to the face at night before going to
bed. Apply with cotton ball and let sit for 5-10 minutes then
rinse off with cool water. A ton of individuals have reported
amazing results from this treatment.
Dermatitis
• Not a single disease -- rather the name
that covers those skin conditions in which
inflammation is the key feature.
• The chief signs of dermatitis are: redness,
a rash, and pain or itching.
Dermatitis
Verrucae
• Commonly called warts
• Caused by viral infection of the skin
• A rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface
forms on the skin
• Some warts remove spontaneously, but
others must be removed with electricity,
liquid nitrogen, acid, or chemicals.
Verrucae
Psoriasis
• Chronic, noncontagious, inherited skin
disease.
• Symptoms include thick, red areas
covered with white or silver scales.
• There is no cure; however, treatment
includes coal/tar or cortisone ointments;
ultraviolet light; and/ or scale removal
Psoriasis
Skin Cancer
• Takes on different forms such as basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and
malignant melanoma.
• Frequently develops from a mole or nevus that
changes in color, shape, size, and texture.
• Bleeding and itching of a mole can also indicate
cancer.
• Exposure to the sun, irritating chemicals, or
radiation are the usual causes of skin cancer.
• Treatment involves surgical removal of the
cancer.
Abnormal Moles (ABCD)
~ A - Asymmetry
Draw a line through the middle of
the mole. If the halves don't match,
the mole is asymmetric and more
likely to be abnormal.
~ B - Border
The borders of a typical moles are
not well defined or can look scalloped
with notches between the scallops.
~ C - Color
An uneven color throughout the mole
is more likely a sign of abnormality.
~ D - Diameter
Most melanomas spread horizontally.
Look for moles that are enlarging in
diameter greater than 1/4 inch
(about the size of a pencil eraser).
Melanoma
Skin Facts
• The skin is constantly renewing itself by growing
new cells at the lowest layer and shedding the
old skin cells from the surface. The average
person might shed 40 pounds of skin cells in her
lifetime!
• Feel like you are slowing down as you age? You
are right, at least in regards to your skin. It takes
about 14 days for a 20 year old to replace his
epidermis. For a 50 year old, the time more than
doubles, taking 37 days.
• It weighs approximately 9 pounds.
•Q & A –
~Why do fingers and toes wrinkle in the
bathtub?
The outermost layer of the skin swells when it absorbs
water. It is tightly attached to the skin underneath, so it
compensates for the increased area by wrinkling.