Transcript History - Physics

Goal: To understand the
history of space travel
Objectives:
1) The idea
2) The first space probes
3) The first manned missions
4) The Apollo missions
5) The current state of affairs
With a neighbor
• When did space travel really begin?
• Before the future can become a reality it
must first be imagined.
In literature
• The idea surfaces in Jules Verne books
such as:
From the Earth to the Moon
Around the Moon
From the Earth to the Moon
• 1865
• Shot out of a cannon
• Could work, in theory
• However, would kill anything living
Around the Moon
• 1870
• Sequel to From the Earth to the Moon
• Brings up the idea of rockets which shoot
out one way so you go the other (or in this
case the rockets would be used to land the
craft safely on the moon)
H.G. Wells
• 1901
• The First Men in the Moon
Rockets
• The first known rocket test comes in 1926
• Robert Goddard
• Only went 41 feet up
World War II
• German scientists (Wernher Von Braun)
develop sophisticated rockets capable of
traveling long distance
• V2 rockets
• Liquid propelled
• Liquid has high density – need less
volume and mass of fuel
V2 rockets
• Went into space!!!
• More than a decade before Sputnik
• Used ethanol/water with liquid oxygen
• Test fired 1943, used in war 1944
Interesting problem
• During the testing stage many of the V2s
were destroyed reentering the Earth’s
atmosphere.
V2s
• Took 30 tons of potatoes each to launch
• Total cost was almost double the
Manhattan Project
• And the defense, British officials would lie
to the Germans about where the missiles
hit causing them to fire most of them into
the countryside
After World War II
• The US and Russia competed over the
German Rocket scientists.
• The next phase of the space race was on.
Russia wins the next leg
• 10/4/1957
• Sputnik 1
• First human made
object to orbit Earth
• Transmitted for 22
days
• Was in orbit for 3
months
Point 2 goes to Russia
• Sputnik 2 goes up 1 month after Sputnik 1.
• First animal into space (a dog named
Laika)
• Died in a few hours due to overheating
and stress
• First to detect radiation belt zone
US gets into the frey, sort of
• Vanguard TV3
• Our first attempt, 12/6/1957 (2 months
after Sputnik 1)
• FAILED!
• Went up 1.2 m then stalled, fell back, and
went boom.
• And it was televised.
Explorer 1
• 1/31/1958
• The US finally matches Russia
• Took data for 4 months about the
Radiation Belt
• Stayed in orbit for 12 years.
Vanguard 1 (3/17/1958)
• First solar powered
• Longest orbited as it is still up today (we
are not sure where though as we lost
contact with it in 1964)
Human Flight
• 4/12/1961
• Yuri Gagarin (Russia)
• Vostok 1 spacecraft did 1 orbit
USA, long ways away
• 2/20/1962 (10 months later) for first orbit
• Took a long time due to extensive tests
• First into space Alan Shepard
• 5/5/1961 (Freedom 7)
Valentina Tereshkova
• First woman in space (Russian)
• Vostok 6
• 6/16/1963
Space is far more than to the moon
• Next starts the space probes to other planets.
• Venus:
• Russia Venera probes (2 tons)
• Venera 3 crashes onto Venus 3/1/1966 (first to
touch another planet)
• Venera 4 crushed in atmosphere 10/18/1967
• Venera 7 landed successfully 12/15/1970 lasted
about an hour
Mariner
• Mariner 2
• First successful fly by of planet 12/14/1962
• Allowed us to learn a lot about the
atmosphere of Venus
• Mariner 4
• Flyby of Mars 7/14/1965
Apollo
• http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=
2827462n
• JFK 5/25/1961
Command Module + Lunar Module
Apollo 8
•
•
•
•
•
•
First orbit of the moon
Launched 12/21/1968
Took 3 days to get to the moon
20 hours orbiting the moon, televised
First to see dark side of the moon
Frank Borman, James Lovell, William
Anders
Apollo 11
• 7/20/1969 humans walk on the moon
• Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin (Jr.), Michael
Collins
More up to 1972
•
•
•
•
•
Apollo 12
Apollo 14 (13 did not land)
Apollo 15
Apollo 16
Apollo 17
• Rest cut due to budget concerns ($25.4 billion
spent in all). We have not been back.
• To this day only 12 have walked on the moon
If time left, moon landing videos
• http://news.discovery.com/videos/newsapollo-11-film-restored.html
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2
009/jul/14/apollo-11-eagle-moon-landing
Conclusion
• There is a lot more to humans reaching for
the stars than just the Apollo 11 landing.
• It starts with imagination and ends after a
lot of time and hard work.
• This will be the case of the spacecrafts of
tomorrow.