Transcript Example GPD Invited Talk

Hubble explores the limits of
“roundness”: Ceres and Vesta
Max Mutchler
Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Space Telescope
servicing mission: October 5 !
Alternate title:
“Hubble hears a Who:
how dots become worlds”
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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http://www.iau2006.org
Draft Resolution 5 for GA-XXVI:
Definition of a Planet
16 August 2006
(1) A planet is a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces
so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape1, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is
neither a star nor a satellite of a planet.
(2) We distinguish between the eight classical planets discovered before 1900, which move in nearly
circular orbits close to the ecliptic plane, and other planetary objects in orbit around the Sun. All of these
other objects are smaller than Mercury. We recognize that Ceres is a planet by the above scientific
definition. For historical reasons, one may choose to distinguish Ceres from the classical planets by
referring to it as a “dwarf planet.”
(3) We recognize Pluto to be a planet by the above scientific definition, as are one or more recently
discovered large Trans-Neptunian Objects. In contrast to the classical planets, these objects typically have
highly inclined orbits with large eccentricities and orbital periods in excess of 200 years. We designate this
category of planetary objects, of which Pluto is the prototype, as a new class that we call “plutons”.
(4) All non-planet objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as “Small Solar System Bodies”.
For two or more objects comprising a multiple object system, the primary object is designated a planet if it
independently satisfies the conditions above. A secondary object satisfying these conditions is also
designated a planet if the system barycentre resides outside the primary. Secondary objects not satisfying
these criteria are "satellites". Under this definition, Pluto's companion Charon is a planet, making PlutoCharon a double planet. If Pallas, Vesta, and/or Hygeia are found to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, they are
also planets, and may be referred to as "dwarf planets".
http://www.iau2006.org
Final Resolution for GA-XXVI:
Definition of a Planet
24 August 2006
The IAU therefore resolves that planets and other bodies in our Solar System, except
satellites, be defined into three distinct categories in the following way:
(1) A “planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for
its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium
(nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
(2) A “dwarf planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient
mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic
equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and
(d) is not a satellite.
(3) All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as
“Small Solar System Bodies”.
Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new
category of trans-Neptunian objects. For now, Charon is considered just to be Pluto’s moon.
The idea that Charon might qualify to be called a dwarf planet on its own, may be considered
later.
The limits of roundness:
a non-hostile borderline?
dwarf planet
asteroid
(small solar system body)
with dither / drizzle
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
with MEM deconvolution
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Same initial conditions,
but different evolutions
Vesta’s impact crater,
volcanic maria, dry?
Thomas, P. et al., 2005, “Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape”, Nature Letters, Vol 437
Thomas, P. et al., 1997, “Impact excavation on asteroid 4 Vesta: Hubble Space Telescope results”, Science, Vol 277
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Vesta:
“I coulda been a contender!”
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Ceres dithered and drizzled:
partial rotation
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Ceres dithered and drizzled:
partial rotation
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Vesta deconvolved:
full-rotation mapping
Li, J. et al., 2008, “Photometric mapping of Vesta from HST observation”, Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Vesta deconvolved:
full-rotation movie
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Vesta was discovered in 1807:
why not earlier?
Vesta
Jupiter
Vesta “naked eye” in May 2007
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070525.html (Jimmy Westlake)
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Waiting for their spaceship
to come in…
Dawn
Ceres
2015
Vesta
2011
Max Mutchler (Space Telescope Science Institute), Lucy McFadden, Jian-Yang Li (U. Maryland),
Peter Thomas (Cornell U.), Joel Parker, Eliot Young (Southwest Research Institute),
Chris Russell, Britney Schmidt (UCLA), Mark Sykes (Planetary Science Institute)
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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Small worlds in
extrasolar planet systems
Hubble discovery
of 16 transiting planets
(Sahu et al., 2006)
Hubble discovery of a double disk
around Beta Pictoris, implying a planet
(Golimowski et al., 2006)
Aug 14-15, 2008
Hubble explores “roundness”
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