Transcript 6th Grade Review II - pams

th
6
Grade Review
Atoms
Atoms are the building blocks
of matter.
An electron is negative and
orbits the nucleus.
A proton is positive and is
inside the nucleus.
A neutron is neutral and is
inside the nucleus.
Subatomic particles are broken
into 3 quarks ea.
Atomic Models
• Democritus was first to propose the
idea of an atom (smallest piece).
• Dalton said each element had its
own atoms.
• Chadwick discovered the neutron.
• Rutherford discovered the nucleus.
• Bohr stated that electrons were on
orbits.
• The current model (wave/electron
cloud) is based on Rutherford and
Bohr’s.
The Atom
Periodic Table
• Aristotle (Greek) said there were only 4
elements: fire, earth, air, and water.
• A periodic table charts all elements in
families based on properties and is in order
of atomic number.
• Atomic number equals protons (also
matches the number of electrons)
• Atomic mass equals protons plus neutrons.
The Periodic Table
Energy
• Kinetic is energy of motion. (mass
x velocity)
• Potential energy is energy of
position or stored.
• The sun is the original source of all
energy.
• Energy can never be destroyed nor
created only transferred.
• Renewable resources are sun, geothermal, biomass, wind, wood, and
waves/water.
• Non-renewable are coal, petroleum
or gas, uranium, and oil.
• Wood and water are renewable but
still finite. Meaning, they can run
out if used unwisely.
Renewable Energy
Passive interior heat
Solar panels
Window design
Solar water heater
Backup heat source
Energy
Earth Science
• Weathering is the break down
of rocks.
– Mechanical weathering is the
break down without changing
the rock.
Ex. Roots, frost action, etc…
– Chemical weathering changes to composition of the
rock. Ex. Rust (oxidation), water reaction
• Weathering of rocks and decomposition of plants/animals
causes soil to form.
• Erosion is the movement of weathered materials.
• Deposition is the setting down of the rock.
More on earth science
• Erosion occurs through gravity, wind, water,
glaciers, and waves.
– Gravity causes mass movement of rocks. Meaning
millions of tons moved at once.
• Examples: mudflows, rockslides, landslides, etc…
– Wind moves rocks through sand storms or by
bouncing materials along the ground.
– Water carries materials with the runoff that moves
across the land through gullies, rivers, streams.
– Glaciers scrape the ground as they move forward
and deposit rocks as they move backward.
– Waves push sediments forward and pull backward.
Things to remember:
• Gullies form streams form rivers
and all of it together forms a
drainage basin.
• The faster the water flows, the more
sediment it can carry.
• Immature rivers flow quickly and
have many water falls.
• Mature rivers have lots of meanders
(turns) and flow slowly.
Astronomy
• Our sun is a
medium-sized star
• The sun creates energy through fusion of Hydrogen
into Helium in its core/center.
• The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis.
• The moon appears to go through phases, because one
side is always lit.
• The phases of the moon are: new, waxing crescent,
first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, last
quarter, and waning crescent.
More astronomy facts…
The International Space Station (ISS) is
a large space station that orbits the earth.
Many different countries send astronauts
there to do varying experiments. It orbits
220 miles above the earth.
Solar Winds are radioactive particles that
emit from the sun outwardly towards the
planets. Earth is protected by both the
magnetosphere and the atmospheric layers.
Ptolemy said that there was a Geocentric
system (earth in the middle).
Copernicus said that there was a
Heliocentric system (sun in the middle).
This was supported by Galileo’s
observations of Venus’ phases.
Helio versus Geo…
Even more…
• Kepler is responsible for
determining that planets do
not orbit in perfect circles,
instead they move in
ellipses.
• Newton is responsible for
defining inertia and
gravity and determining
that they are responsible for
the planet motion.
Moon Phases
Tides…
• Tides are caused by the
gravitational pull between the
earth, sun, and moon.
• A neap tide is when the
moon is perpendicular from
the sun and is the lowest of
high tides.
• A spring tide is when the
moon is in line with the sun
and is the highest of high
tides.
• There are two high and two
low tides every 24 hours.
Meteor or Meteorite?
• Meteroid is a rocky piece of
space debris that exists out in
space.
• Meteor is when a meteoroid
enters the atmosphere and gets
burned up.
• Meteorite is when a piece of
the meteoroid doesn’t burn up
completely and hits the earth.
Planets
• Terrestrial/rocky planets/inner
are Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Mars.
• Gas/Jovian/outer planets are
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune
• Uranus is tilted on its axis.
• Venus is the earth’s sister planet.
• Mars is the red planet.
• Mercury has the shortest year,
no atmosphere.
• The asteroid belt is between
Jupiter and Mars.
The Planets
More on Space…
• Revolution - an object travels
around another. Equals one year.
• Earth year is 365.25 days.
• Rotation is one spin on its axis.
Equals one day.
• Earth day is 24 hours.
• A solar eclipse is when the moon
is in the middle of the earth and
sun.
• A lunar eclipse is when the earth
is in the middle between the moon
and sun.
Total Eclipse of the Sun
Random Space Facts…
• John Glen was the first astronaut
to circle the earth.
• Apollo 11 was the first manned
mission to the moon.
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin were the first to step on
the moon.
• The space station is a joint effort
to create living quarters in space.
The Sun
• Core – this is where fusion
occurs and is the hottest area.
• Photosphere – where light
comes from
• Chromosphere – where the
color comes from
• Corona – the rays
• Changes Hydrogen in to
Helium through Fusion.
• Dark spots on the sun are
sunspots.
Scientific Investigation
• Constants is what remains the
same in experimental set-ups.
• Inference - a proposed
explanation for an observation.
• Predictions -what you think will
happen based on past
observations.
Seasons
Scientific Method cont.
• Hypothesis -an educated
guess. And is written in
“If…..then….” format.
• Independent Variable the thing that “I” change
in the experiment.
• The Dependent Variablewhat is affected by the
I.V.
Scientific Method cont…
• Qualitative data uses the 5
senses “quality” (describes)
• Quantitative data uses
numbers. “quantity” (charts
and graphs)
• Stating the problem is the first
step in the scientific method.
• You experiment to test your
hypothesis.
Scientific Method cont…
• You organize data to analyze
your results by making
graphs, charts, etc…
• State a conclusion after the
experiment.
• A good experiment is done at
least 3 times.
• A control is a set up that is as
close to nature as possible.
Now practice your skills…
(do not write)
• If I am testing laundry detergent on two grass
stained shirts what is my I.V?
• What is my D.V?
• What would my control setup be?
• What are the constants?
 Read…
Measurement
• Mass is the amount of matter in an
object. Measured in grams with a
triple beam balance.
• Volume is the amount of space an
object takes up. Measured in mL or
cc using a graduated cylinder.
• Length is measured in m using a
meter-stick or ruler.
• Density is measured in g/mL or g/cc.
Density never changes.
Measurement
th
6
Grade Matter…
• Physical properties: color, shape, texture.
• Chemical properties: rusting,
flammability, combustibility.
• Chemical reaction and a chemical change
are the same.
• Reaction occurs when both physical and
chemical properties are changed.
Chemical Reactions
More on matter…
• A compound two or more
elements combined. Ex. water
• A mixture is two or more
compounds mixed and can be
separated easily. Ex. Salad,
cereal, kool-aid.
• An element is the simplest
pure substance and cannot be
broken down.
6th grade factoids
• Acid rain forms when rain water mixes with sulfur in the
atmosphere caused by pollution.
• Water is measured by the turbidity (can you see through
it), the dissolved oxygen amount, and the pH which
should be close to 7.
• Estuary is an area where salt and fresh water mix. Ex.
Chesapeake Bay
• Watershed is an area where all the water leads to the
same place. Chesapeake Bay watershed shared with
Virginia, New York, New Jersey, West Virginia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.
Random Facts…?
• Water cycle includes evaporation,
condensation, precipitation, and
infiltration.
• Water is Cohesive which means it can
‘bond with’ and also Adhesive which
means it can ‘stick to’
• Water exhibits capillarity which means it
will cover the least amount of space on
something and instead bulge upwards.
• Density of fresh water is 1g/mL
• Hydrosphere means all of earth’s water.
Water Cycle…Magic School
Bus Style…
Be Certain to Save All the
Notes from now until the
SOL’s…you need them to
study!
YOU BETTER
HEAR ME
NOW!!!!!