Transcript Слайд 1 - English Studies

RELIGION
Religions
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Hinduism (followers =Hindus/Hindoos)
Islam (followers =Muslims)
Christianity (followers =Christians)
Sikhism (followers =Sikhs)
Buddhism (followers =Buddhists)
Jainism (followers =Jains/Jainas)
Zoroastrianism (followers =Parsees/Parsis)
Bahá'í Faith (followers =Bahá'ís)
Tribal religions: Donyi-Polo, Santhal
Judaism
Population trends for major
religious groups (1961–2001)
Religious
group
Population
% 1961
Population
% 1971
Population
% 1981
Population
% 1991
Population
% 2001
Hindu
83.45%
82.73%
82.30%
81.53%
80.46%
Muslim
10.69%
11.21%
11.75%
12.61%
13.43%
Christian
2.44%
2.60%
2.44%
2.32%
2.34%
Sikh
1.79%
1.89%
1.92%
1.94%
1.87%
Buddhist
0.74%
0.70%
0.70%
0.77%
0.77%
Animist, others
0.43%
0.41%
0.42%
0.44%
0.72%
Jain
0.46%
0.48%
0.47%
0.40%
0.41%
Characteristics of religious
groups (2001 census)
Religious
group
Population
%
Growth
(1991–2001)
Sex ratio
(total)
Literacy
(%)
Work participation
(%)
Sex ratio
(rural)
Sex ratio
(urban)
Sex ratio
(child)
Hindu
80.46%
20.3%
931
65.1%
40.4%
944
894
925
Muslim
13.43%
29.3%
936
59.1%
31.3%
953
907
950
Christian
2.34%
22.6%
1009
80.3%
39.7%
1001
1026
964
Sikh
1.87%
18.2%
893
69.4%
37.7%
895
886
786
Buddhist
0.77%
18.2%
953
72.7%
40.6%
958
944
942
Animist, others
0.72%
103.1%
992
47.0%
48.4%
995
966
976
Jain
0.41%
26.0%
940
94.1%
32.9%
937
941
870
Religious Map of India
Religious Minorities Map of India
Muslim population in India
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Red - 50-100%
Orange - 25-50%
Yellow - 20-25%
Green - 15-20%
Blue - 10-15%
Indigo - 5-10%
Gray - < 5%
Hinduism: divisions
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Vaishnavism
Shaivism
Smartism
Shaktism
Hinduism: types
• Folk Hinduism, as based on local traditions and cults of
local deities at a communal level and spanning back to
prehistoric times or at least prior to written Vedas.
• Śrauta or "Vedic" Hinduism as practiced by
traditionalist brahmins (Śrautins).
• Vedantic Hinduism, for example Advaita
Vedanta (Smartism), as based on the philosophical
approach of the Upanishads.
• Yogic Hinduism, especially that based on the Yoga
Sutras of Patanjali.
• "Dharmic" Hinduism or "daily morality", based
on Karma, and upon societal norms such
as Vivāha (Hindu marriage customs).
• Bhakti or devotionalist practices
Hinduism: Scriptures
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Vedas
Upanishads
Purāṇas
Mahābhārata
Rāmāyaṇa
Bhagavad Gītā
Āgamas
Hindu philosophy schools
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Samkhya
Yoga
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Purva-Mimamsa
Vedanta
Objectives of human life
• Dharma (righteousness, ethikos)
The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad views dharma as the universal
principle of law, order, harmony, all in all truth, that sprang first
from Brahman. It acts as the regulatory moral principle of the
Universe. It is sat (truth), a major tenet of Hinduism.
• Artha (livelihood, wealth)
Artha is objective and virtuous pursuit of wealth for livelihood,
obligations and economic prosperity. It is inclusive of political life,
diplomacy and material well-being.
• Kāma (sensual pleasure)
Kāma means desire, wish, passion, longing, pleasure of the senses,
the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection, or love.
• Mokṣa (liberation, freedom from samsara)
Moksha or mukti, literally "release" (both from a root muc "to let loose,
let go"), is the last goal of life. It is liberation from samsara and the
concomitant suffering involved in being subject to the cycle of
repeated death and reincarnation.
Hinduism: Yoga
• Bhakti Yoga (the path of love and
devotion)
• Karma Yoga (the path of right action)
• Rāja Yoga (the path of meditation)
• Jñāna Yoga (the path of wisdom)
Pilgrimage
• Char Dham (literally: 'the four abodes/seats') the four widely revered pilgrimage places:
Badrinath (north), Dwarka (west), Jagannath
Puri (east), and Rameshwaram (south).
• Kumbh Mela - a mass pilgrimage gathering to
bathe in a sacred river;
- the world's largest religious gathering, with 80
million people expected in 2013.
- held every third year at one of the four places by
rotation: Haridwar (north), Allahabad (Prayag)
(north), Nasik (west), Ujjain (centre).
Festivals
• Holi - festival of colors and spring (February-March)
• Mahashivaratri (Shiva Ratri) - night sacred to Shiva
(February-March)
• Rama Navami - birthday of Lord Rama (April)
• Krishna Jayanti - birthday of Lord Krishna (July-August)
• Raksābandhana - renewing bonds between brothers
and sisters (July-August)
• Kumbh Mela - pilgrimage every 12 years to four cities in
India (July-August)
• Ganesha-Chaturthi (Ganesha Utsava) - festival of
Ganesh (August-September)
• Dassehra - victory of Rama over demon king Ravana
(September-October)
• Navaratri - festival of Shakti (in Bengal) or Rama's
victory over Ravana (South India) (September-October)
• Diwali - festival of lights and Laksmi (SeptemberOctober)
Islam dominance in India
• 1001: Raids by Mahmud of Ghanzi
• 1206-1290: Slave Dynasty and Beginning of
Delhi Sultanate
• 1290-1320: Khalji Sultanate
• 1320-1413: Tughlug Sultanate
• 1414-1451: Sayyid Sultanate
• 1483-1757: The Mughal Empire
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1526-1530: Reign of Babur
1556-1605: Reign of Akbar
1605-1627: Reign of Jahangir
1628-1658: Reign of Shah Jahan
Christianity in India
Sikhism: Khalsa
• Khalsa is the purified and reconstituted Sikh community
instituted by Guru Gobind Singh on March 30, 1699
• Khalsa [Persian ‘King’s own’, ‘the army of the pure’]
• eating only ritually killed meat
• abstaining from tobacco, alcohol
• refraining from committing adultery
• wearing/carrying the Five Ks:
1. kes (long hair)
2. kangha (a comb)
3. kachha (a pair of shorts)
4. karha (a steel bracelet)
5. kirpan (a sword)
Temples: Hindu
Kapaleeswarar Temple in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu
Saivate temple in Murudeswar,
Karnataka
Shiva temple, the main shrine of
Prambanan
Brihadeeswara Temple, RajaRajeswara
Temple at Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu
Temples: Muslim
• Jama Masjid, in New Delhi
• Taj Mahal, in New Delhi
• Bahauddin Makbara,
in Gujarat
Temples: Christianity
• San Thome Basilica
in Chennai
• Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar
Catholic Church,
in Kodungaloor
Temples: Sikkhism
• Harmandir Sahib
(Golden Temple)
in Punjab
• Hazoor Sahib
in Maharashtra
Temple: Buddhism
• The Mahabodhi Temple
in Bodh Gaya
• Ellora Caves
in Maharashtra
Temples:
Jainism
• Palitana temples
(basadi/basti)
in Gujarat
• Temples of Mount Abu
in Rajastan
Temples: Zoroastrian
• Iranshah Atash Behram,
in Gujarat
• Maneckji Seth Agiary,
in Mumbai
Temples: Bahá'í
The Bahá'í House
of Worship
in New Delhi,
Next class
Test:
Religion
Lecture:
Culture: Literature. Music. Theatre
Presentations:
The cult literary works about India
Ramayana
Musical instruments
Koodiyattam theatre
Discussion:
The land of contrasts