Transcript attachment=22238

UNIT-V
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Three tier architecture - Model View Controller
Architecture - Memory Management –Information
Access Devices – PDAs and Smart Phones – Smart
Cards and Embedded Controls – J2ME –
Programming for CLDC – GUI in MIDP –
Application Development ON Android and iPhone
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Three tier architecture
• All 3 layers are on the same machine
• All code and processing kept on a single machine
• Presentation, Logic, Data layers are tightly connected
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• Scalability: Single processor means hard to increase volume of
processing
• Portability: Moving to a new machine may mean rewriting
everything
• Maintenance: Changing one layer requires changing other
layers
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2-Tier Architecture
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Database runs on Server
Separated from client
Easy to switch to a different database
Presentation and logic layers still tightly connected
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• Heavy load on server
• Potential congestion on network
• Presentation still tied to business logic
3-Tier Architecture
• Each layer can potentially run on a different machine
• Presentation, logic, data layers disconnected
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The 3-Tier Architecture for Web Apps
• Presentation Layer
• Static or dynamically generated content rendered by the browser
(front-end)
• Logic Layer
• A dynamic content processing and generation level application
server, e.g., Java EE, ASP.NET, PHP, ColdFusion platform
(middleware)
• Data Layer
• A database, comprising both data sets and the database management
system or RDBMS software that manages and provides access to the
data (back-end)
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3-Tier Architecture Advantages
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Independence of Layers
Easier to maintain
Components are reusable
Faster development (division of work)
Web designer does presentation
Software engineer does logic
DB admin does data model
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The Model-View-Controller Pattern
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Model-View-Controller Architecture
• The MVC separates application data from the graphical
presentation components and input-processing logic.
• MVC originally appeared in Smalltalk as a method for
separating user interfaces from underlying application
data
Model
– Contains application data
– When the model changes, it notifies the view
View
– Generates a presentation of the data stored in the model
– The view updates its presentation whenever the model changes
Controller
– Implements logic for processing user input
– Use user provided input to modifies model
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Model-view-controller architecture(diagram)
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• The MVC allows multiple Views and Controllers
corresponding to a single Model in an application
• A developer can provide additional views and
controllers for an application model without changing
the existing components
• Java’s Swing components implements a variant of the
MVC
– Combines the view and controller into a single
object, called a delegate
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Delegate-model architecture
– Variant of MVC
– Combines the view and controller into a single object delegate
– The delegate provides both a graphical presentation of the
model and an interface for modifying the model
Example
• Every JButton has an associated ButtonModel.
• The JButton is the delegate.
• The ButtonModel maintains state information (button
is pressed or enabled) and list of ActionListeners.
• The JButton provides a graphical presentation and
modifies the ButtonModel’s state
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Memory management
• Memory management is the act of managing computer
memory.
• The essential requirement of memory management is to
provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to
programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer
needed.
• This is critical to any advanced computer system where more
than a single process might be underway at any time.
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• Several methods have been devised that increase the
effectiveness of memory management.
• Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses used
by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing
separation of processes and increasing the effectively available
amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary
storage.
• The quality of the virtual memory manager can have an
extensive effect on overall system performance.
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Dynamic memory allocation
• Efficiency
• Implementations
• Fixed-size-blocks allocation
• Buddy blocks
Systems with virtual memory
• Protection
• Sharing
• Physical organization
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Information Access Devices
• A Tablet Computer that lacks a keyboard (also known as a
non-convertible tablet) is shaped like slate or a paper
notebook, features a touchscreen with a stylus and handwriting
recognition software. Tablets may not be best suited for
applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are
otherwise capable of carrying out most tasks that an ordinary
laptop would be able to perform.
• A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a small, usually
pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is
intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop
computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, email and other features.
• An Ultra mobile PC is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer
running a general-purpose operating system.
A Smartphone has a wide range of features and
installable applications.
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Personal digital assistant(PDA’s)
•A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop
computer, or personal data assistant
•It is a mobile device that functions as a personal information
manager.
•PDAs are largely considered obsolete with the widespread
adoption of smartphones.
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• Nearly all current PDAs have the ability to connect to the
Internet.
• A PDA has an electronic visual display, enabling it to include a
web browser, all current models also have audio capabilities
enabling use as a portable media player, and also enabling
most of them to be used as mobile phones.
• Most PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via
Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks. Most PDAs employ
touchscreen technology.
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• The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer II.
• Followed by Psion's Series 3, in 1991, which began to
resemble the more familiar PDA style.
• It also had a full keyboard.
• The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple
Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics
Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton.
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Typical features
• A typical PDA has a touchscreen for entering data, a memory card
slot for data storage, Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi.
• Some PDAs may not have a touch screen, using soft keys, a
directional pad, and a numeric keypad or a thumb keyboard for
input; this is typically seen on telephones that are incidentally
PDAs.
• In order to have the functions expected of a PDA, a device's
software typically includes an appointment calendar, a to-do list, an
address book for contacts, a calculator, and some sort of memo (or
"note") program.
• PDAs with wireless data connections also typically include an
email client and a Web browser.
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Smartphone
• A smartphone, or smart phone, is a mobile phone built on a
mobile operating system, with more advanced computing
capability and connectivity than a feature phone
• Smartphones combined the functions of a personal digital
assistant (PDA), including email functionality, with a mobile
phone.
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• Later models added the functionality of portable media players, lowend compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS
navigation units to form one multi-use device.
• Many modern smartphones also include high-resolution
touchscreens and web browsers that display standard web pages as
well as mobile-optimized sites.
• High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi, mobile broadband,
NFC and Bluetooth. In recent years, the rapid development of
mobile app markets and of mobile commerce have been drivers of
smartphone adoption.
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• The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern
smartphones include
• Google's Android,
• Apple's iOS,
• Symbian,
• Blackberry Ltd's BlackBerry 10,
• Samsung's Bada,
• Microsoft's Windows Phone,
• Hewlett-Packard's webOS,
• embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo.
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• Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone
models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS
software updates over its lifetime.
• A few other upcoming operating systems are Mozilla's Firefox
OS, Canonical Ltd.'s Ubuntu Phone, and Tizen.
• Worldwide sales of smartphones exceeded those of feature
phones in early 2013.
• As of July 18, 2013, 90 percent of global handset sales are
attributed to the purchase of Android and iPhone smartphones.
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• The first Li-Fi smartphone prototype will be presented at the
Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas from January 7th-10th
in 2014.
• The phone uses SunPartner's Wysips CONNECT, a technique that
converts light waves into usable energy, making the phone
capable of receiving and decoding signals without drawing on its
battery.
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Smart Cards and Embedded Controls
• A smart card, typically a type of chip card, is a plastic card that
contains an embedded computer chip–either a memory or
microprocessor type–that stores and transacts data. This data is
usually associated with either value, information, or both and
is stored and processed within the card's chip. The card data is
transacted via a reader that is part of a computing system.
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SMART…? Usage of smart cards
• In different applications which require strong security protection and
authentication
– Identification card
– Medical card
– Credit/debit bank card (as an electric wallet)
• All require sensitive data to be stored on the card, such as:
– biometrics information
– personal medical history
– cryptographic keys for authentication
– Logging on to networks
• Wirelessly:
– Public transport payments (tickets) etc.
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Physical Structure
• Made up of three elements
1. A physical card (plastic)
2. A printed circuit chip
3. An integrated circuit chip (microcontroller)
(Chips are embedded on the card)
• Printed circuit conforms to ISO standard 7816/3 which provides five
connection points for power and data
– The printed circuit protects the circuit chip from mechanical stress
and static electricity
• The capability of a smart card is defined by its integrated circuit chip.
• Chip made from silicon which is not flexible and particularly easy to
break
• In general, the size, the thickness and bend requirements for the smart
card are designed to protect the card from being spoiled physically
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Java? – J2ME
• Java – “write once run anywhere”
• But:
– Different devices have different requirements.
– Those devices doesn’t have the same environment as regular
computers (standard desktop), the constrains we have:
• Limited memory and processor.
• Small screen sizes.
• Alternative input methods.
– One platform (solution) cannot address all the market
segments (web server, video games etc.)
– Users/developers want flexibility. They want to choose what
they want to use and what they don’t.
• Sun decided to develop a special edition of Java – J2ME (Java 2
Micro Edition).
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Java Editions
• The Java 2 Platform is split into three editions:
– Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE) - Desktop-based applications.
– Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) - Server-based applications.
– Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) – For handheld and embedded
devices.
• Each edition provides a complete environment for running Javabased applications including the Java virtual machine (VM) and
runtime classes.
• What separates one edition from another, then, is primarily the
set of class libraries that each edition defines.
• you can think of J2ME as a subset of J2SE and J2SE as a subset
of J2EE.
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What will we know.
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J2ME Core Concepts
• At the heart of Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) are
three core concepts: configurations, profiles, and
optional packages.
• You can't write a J2ME application without
understanding these concepts, because they
determine the features of Java that you can use,
which application programming interfaces (APIs) are
available, and how your applications are packaged.
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J2ME Core Concepts
• Optional Packages
• Profile:
– A collection of Java Classes
selected from one or more
Java core, extension or
vertical APIs. Classes are
chosen to provide a
complete solution for a
specific vertical market
• Configuration:
– A subset of the Java core
APIs and Java language
functionality selected to
provide a minimal Java
platform for a set of vertical
markets
J2ME
Profile
J2ME
Libraries
Java Language
Java Virtual Machine
Host Operating System
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What it all means
• There is no "J2ME application“:
– Configuration, profile and optional packages should be
chosen.
• A configuration is a complete Java runtime
environment:
– Java virtual machine (VM) to execute Java.
– Set of core Java runtime classes
– Interface to the underlying system
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What it all means
• The profile adds classes to a configuration:
– To fill in missing functionality
– To support specific uses of a device
• The Optional Packages are set of APIs that support
additional and common behaviors.
– Examples of optional packages :
• Bluetooth Optional Package
• JDBC Optional Package
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Configuration
• There are 2 basic configurations.
• The superset:
– CDC (Connected Device Configuration):
• 2 MB or more memory for Java platform.
• 32-bit processor.
• High bandwidth network connection.
• full-featured Java 2 virtual machine (CVM).
• 17 packages.
• Use for devices like Palms.
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Configuration
• The one we use:
– CDLC (Connected Limited Device Configuration):
• 160 - 512 KB of total memory
• 16-bit or 32-bit processor
• Low power consumption and often operating with battery power
• Connectivity with limited bandwidth
• Selected classes from:
– java.lang , java.io , java.util
• Limited VM (KVM) without:
– Floating point types
– Object finalization
– JNI or reflection
– Thread groups or daemon threads
– User Class loaders
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Programming for CLDC(Connected Limited
Device Configuration)
Handling I/O in CDC / CLDC
• The CLDC has defined a new set of APIs for I/O called the
Generic Connection Framework.
• The GCF, part of the new javax.microedition.io package,
defines interfaces for the different kinds of I/O that are
possible.
• Since the CDC is a superset of the CLDC, it includes the
GCF.
• CDC also requires GCF support for two specific connection
types: files and datagrams since it includes the relevant
classes from java.io and java.net packages.
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Configuration - What it all means
• CDC-based profiles make development simpler due
to J2SE-like APIs, but don’t suit the low-end devices.
• CLDC-based profiles makes the development task
harder, especially when trying to shrink the size of the
application to run on many of the small devices.
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Profile
• Several profiles in various stages of development:
– Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) - CLDC-based,
used for running applications on cellphones and interactive
pagers with small screens, wireless HTTP connectivity, and
limited memory.
– Personal Digital Assistant Profile (PDAP) – CLDC-based,
extends MIDP with additional classes and features for more
powerful handheld devices.
– Foundation Profile (FP) – CDC-based, extends the CDC with
additional J2SE classes.
– Personal Basis Profile (PBP) - extends the FP with
lightweight (AWT-derived) user interface classes and a new
application model.
– Personal Profile extends the PBP with applet support and
heavyweight UI classes.
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Profile
• The CLDC-profile used today:
MIDP (Mobile Information Device Profile)
• The MIDP defines a platform for dynamically and securely
deploying optimized, graphical, networked applications.
• The MIDP specification was defined through the Java
Community Process (JCP) by players like: Motorola, Nokia,
Ericsson, Research in Motion, and Symbian.
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MIDP – MID Profile
• MIDP is targeted at a class of devices known as mobile
information devices (MIDs).
• Minimal characteristics of MIDs:
– Enough memory to run MIDP applications
– Display of at least 96 X 56 pixels, either monochrome or
color
– A keypad, keyboard, or touch screen
– Two-way wireless networking capability
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GUI in MIDP
MIDP - Specification
• There are two versions of the MIDP:
– MIDP 1.0 - is the original specification, provides core
application functionality required by mobile applications,
including basic user interface and network security
– MIDP 2.0 - is a revised version of the MIDP 1.0. Have
new features include an enhanced user interface,
multimedia and game functionality, more extensive
connectivity, over-the-air provisioning, and end-to-end
security.
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MIDlets – The heart of J2ME…
• MIDP does not run in the “regular” Java fashion. using: Main()
, System.exit().
• Instead, we use MIDlet aplications - which are subclasses of:
javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet that is defined by MIDP.
• The MIDlet class allows the application management software
to:
– control the MIDlet
– be able to retrieve properties from the application descriptor
– notify and request state changes
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MIDlets – The heart of J2ME…
• The extending class is the main class of the application.
• The MIDlet class defines abstract methods that the
main class implements (for example: startApp(),
destroyApp(), notifyDestroyed()).
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MIDlet Suite
• One or more MIDlets are packaged together into a MIDlet
suite, composed of:
– JAR (Java archive) file - The JAR file contains Java
classes for each MIDlet in the suite and Java classes that
are shared between MIDlets. The JAR file also contains
resource files used by the MIDlets and a manifest file.
– JAD (Java Application Descriptor) file - This file contains
a predefined set of attributes that allows the device
application management software to identify, retrieve, and
install the MIDlets
• Eventually the JAR / JAD files are upload to the machine in
order to run the application.
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Configuration + Profile
• When the Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME) was first
introduced, only one configuration, the Connected Limited
Device Configuration (CLDC), and one profile, the Mobile
Information Device Profile (MIDP) had been defined as
formal specifications.
• Today, there are nearly forty J2ME-related specifications at
various stages in the JCP, and many of these specifications
define optional packages instead of configurations or profiles.
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So what is an optional package?
• An optional package is also a set of APIs, but unlike a profile, it
does not define a complete application environment.
• An optional package is always used in conjunction with a
configuration or a profile. It extends the runtime environment to
support device capabilities that are not universal enough to be
defined as part of a profile or that need to be shared by different
profiles.
• Examples:
– RMI Optional Package (Remote Method Invocation).
– Wireless Messaging API.
– Mobile Media API
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Extenders
• There are some companies that created different suite for J2ME.
• Those companies are “competing partners” with Sun (- they buy
the KVM from Sun).
• Example:
– Nokia’s Developer's Suite:
provides tools for creating application classes and packages,
signing the application, and deploying it to a device. It is also
an essential tool for managing, configuring, and running
emulators for various Nokia Platform.
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Application Development on Android and the iPhone
Android
• Need Java 5.0+
• Easiest to use Eclipse 3.3.1+
• Download SDK starter pack from
developer.android.com and invoke SDK
setup program
• Install Eclipse plugin
Help, Install New Software
Android Development Tools
• Tell Eclipse where Android is located
• Windows, Preferences, Android
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Hello Android
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Eclipse File, New, Project,
Android, Android Project
Create Android Virtual Device (AVD)
Window, Android SDK, AVD Manager
Run (on emulator)
To run on phone enable USB debugging
Settings, Applications, USB Debugging
Install USB driver (Windows only)
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Android App Framework
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Created by default
src -- Hello.java -- main Activity
res, drawable -- icon.png – app’s icon
res, values -- strings.xml – constants
res, layout – main.xml -- screen layout
AndroidManifest.xml – table of contents
gen – R.java – references, never touch it
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Rock Paper Scissors
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Two activities – Rsp and Res
Layout – TextView over nested layout
Hook up buttons
Use an Intent to go from one to the other
Result activity – text, text, button
Result text enhanced
• Can configure layouts by dragging widgets and entering
properties
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Ball Game
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Touch ball to score, after 10 ball shrinks and goes faster
Easy, medium, hard choices
Uses a Java view not XML
Uses the onTouchEvent handler
Use the onDraw method to draw on a canvas
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OpenGL (from Hello Android)
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Rotating cube
Uses OpenGL ES (embedded systems)
Draws cube from vertices
Uses GLRenderer
onSurfaceCreated -- set properties
onSurfaceChanged – update view
onDrawFrame – draw the scene
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Browser View (from Hello Android)
• An EditText and Button above WebView
• WebView uses loadUrl method to display web page
• Documentation – developer.android.com
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iPhone
• Needs Intel Mac, OS X 10.5.4+
• Download SDK and register (free)
developer.apple.com/iphone
• $99 to deploy to iPhone or iPod
• Uses Objective-C
• Launch XCode
• Examples from iPhone SDK Development
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Hello iPhone
• File, New Project in XCode
• Choose View-based Application
• HelloViewController class and
HelloViewController.xib (nib), freeze-dried GUI
• HelloAppDelegate manages application
• Use Interface Builder to add Label and configure
color and size in Attributes inspector
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Hello User
• Allow user to enter a name
• IBOutlet – reference from code to nib object, e.g.
label, text field
• IBAction – method nib’s objects can call, e.g. button
press handler
• In Interface Builder, connect outlets to code, connect
action Touch Up Inside event to handler method,
sayHello
• Implement the sayHello handler method
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Movie - MVC
• Create Movie class (the model)
• Labels with movie info, Edit button
• MovieEditorViewController for edit view with Done
button to return to main screen
• Send message in Edit button to start movie controller
• Send message in Done button to return to
MovieViewController
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Movie Table
• UITableView, UITableViewDataSource protocol provides
number of rows, add, delete, etc., UITableViewDelegate to
handle tapping to select a row
• Uses Navigation-based Application
UINavigationController
UINavigationBar (with Edit and Add buttons)
RootViewContoller (with UITableView)
UINavigationItem
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Movie Table -2
• UINavigationController maintains navigation state as
a stack of view controllers.
• Uses an array to hold table data. Initial array hardcoded. Changes are not saved.
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Conference -- Core Data
• Built on SQLite
• Managed Object Context – row data turned into
objects
• Managed Object Model – like schema
• Persistence Store Coordinator – connects to the
database
• Double-click on Conference.xcdatamodel to get
screen to configure tables
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Core Data - 2
• Create Managed Object Class to represent the model
• Conference has tracks with trackAbstract, name,
sessions
• Edit and Add buttons configured in code in
viewDidLoad method rather than in Interface Builder
• NSFetchedResultsController – adaptor between
CoreData and table view
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