Transcript Ch 9 Moe Notes

Chapter 9
The Byzantine Empire in the East
330-1453 AD
The Byzantine Empire
Christianity to Justinian: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY
Rise of the Byzantine Empire
Roman Emperor Constantine
moves the capital from Rome to
eastern city of Byzantium
Western half of old Roman
Empire falls into “Dark Ages”
Eastern half of Roman Empire
becomes Byzantine Empire
The New Roman Empire in the East
Still thought of themselves as the Roman Empire
Official language would switch from Latin to Greek
Very rich and wealthy empire
What made the Byzantine empire rich
and successful for so long, and why
did it finally crumble?
Constantinople sat at a crossroads of land and
sea routes. Its great wealth came from trade
and its military might. As the cities of the
western Roman empire crumbled, Constantinople remained
secure and prosperous.
With its high walls and golden domes, it stood
as the proud capital of the Byzantine empire.
Geography of Constantinople
1. Water on three
sides
2. Located on a strait
connecting Black
Sea and
Mediterranean
3. Key trading
location between
Europe, Africa,
and Asia
Emperor Constantine made Byzantium the center of the
eastern Roman empire, a “New Rome,” and renamed it
Constantinople.
•
It had an excellent harbor and sat at a crossroads of
trade between Asia and Europe.
•
Constantine expanded the city, adding new defenses and
magnificent buildings.
In time, the eastern empire became known as the Byzantine empire.
A blend of Greek, Roman, and Christian influences, it remained
powerful and wealthy long after the fall of Rome.
Byzantine Culture
Cultural Tradition from
Greeks
Religion Based Culture
Christianity center of
Byzantine art, education, and
life
Theodosian Walls
Kept Constantinople safe
from Foreign Invasion
Deterred Attila the Hun from
ever entering City
Walls kept city from falling
for another 1000 years after
their construction
Theodosian Walls
Had three separate walls set up in layers to
protect the city from invaders
The Golden Age of Byzantine
527 AD Emperor
Justinian takes power
Not popular at start of
his rule
High taxes
Cold, not very likeable
Constantinople reached its peak under the Emperor
Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565.
•
Justinian’s armies retook many lands in North Africa and
southern Europe.
•
The fighting exhausted Justinian’s treasury, and his
successors would eventually lose these lands.
•
Following fire and riots in 532, he rebuilt Constantinople.
Byzantine Empire under Justinian
Control over these regions would not last long after Justinian's death
The Byzantine empire had a centralized government and
a strong military.
•
The emperor strictly controlled the prosperous
economy.
•
Byzantine gold coins circulated from China
to England.
•
The powerful military and a well-fortified capital turned
away invaders.
Justinian was an autocrat who ruled with absolute
power.
• Unlike medieval European monarchs, he combined both
spiritual and political power.
• The emperor controlled the church and was seen as Christ’s
co-ruler on earth.
• He was aided by his wife, Empress Theodora,
a ruthless politician and advisor who often ruled
in his absence.
Empress Theodora
Former Actress and
Prostitute
Strong advocate for
woman’s rights.
Among Justinian’s personal triumphs was the completion of
Hagia Sophia, or “Holy Wisdom.”
Under the Ottomans, the church of Hagia Sophia became a
mosque. It is now a museum.
The Hagia
Sophia
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
Justinian’s compilation of
Roman law into the Corpus
Juris Civilis, or “Body of
Civil Law,” was one of his
most lasting legacies. It
was called “Twelve Tables”
•
Known as Justinian’s
Code, it became a
handbook on Roman law for
legal scholars.
•
By 1100 European rulers
were modeling their
laws on his code.
Centuries later, modern legal scholars used Justinian’s Code as a
basis for creating international law.
Justinian Code
Formal Code of law that
Governed the Empire
Legal code from Justinian era till end
of the Empire
A improved version of Roman
Law
Significance
***Justinian’s Code would become the basis for European law
in the future***
Nika Riots of 532
Blues vs Greens factions
Riots lead to arrests
Justinian orders 1 green
and 1 blue to death
escape and protest begin
Hippodrome
Nika Riots
Rioters begin attacking Justinian’s
palace for 5 days and Senators
whom had opposed Justinian began
plotting with groups to unite and
overthrow Justinian
Nika = Win
Theodora convinced Justinian not to
flee city during Nika Rebellion
Those who have worn the crown should never survive its loss.
Never will I see the day when I am not saluted as empress." Theodora
The Plan
Use force
Have groups meet at Hippodrome
Pay off Blues
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_2E0RxVHH4
Kill Greens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klq84Z9O4GU
Over time, differences developed between the Byzantine
Church and the Church in Rome.
•
The Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch and rejected
the Roman pope’s authority over his appointment.
•
The Byzantines used Greek as opposed to Latin
in the services.
•
Unlike Roman clergy, Byzantine clergy were permitted to
marry.
Byzantine Religion
Byzantine Empire brings drastic Change for
Christianity
Rome no longer important city to the
Byzantine people and rulers
Lack of Contact between Pope in Rome, and
the papacy in the East
Breakdown in authority over the church
Byzantine Religion Continued
 Religion in East controlled by ruling emperor and Patriarch
 Patriarch a term for Lead Bishop in the East
 Byzantine Emperors and Patriarchs often conflict with Pope
Icon Controversy
King Leo III’s ban on Icon led to period of Iconoclasm (Icon
smashing)
Smash Icons to end improper worship
Pope claimed a Emperor had no authority to deal in issues of
the Christian church
Icons
Icons used by
Christians in the east
to aid in worship
Controversy over use
Some saw it as idle
worship
Leo III banned Icon
use in 730AD
Emperor’s Response
Claimed authority over religious decisions within his empire
Byzantines viewed Emperor as decisive voice in Christian
governance, and practice
Over time these differences grew into a
Great Schism, a split between the two churches.
•
In the 700s, a Byzantine emperor outlawed the use of icons,
holy images of saints or Jesus. This set off a religious battle
with Rome.
•
In 1054 the split hit the breaking point over additional
issues. The pope and the patriarch excommunicated one
another.
The church divided into the Eastern or Greek Orthodox Church and
the Roman Catholic Church.
Great Schism
Issues continue between papacy in east and west over issues
such as:
Pope’s authority over all matters of Christianity
Church’s right to tax the citizens of the Byzantine empire
Priest’s right to get married
Languages used in church services
Great Schism
1054 AD the Christian Church Splits
The patriarch and Pope excommunicate each other
Papacy in east forms the Eastern Orthodox church
Pope and western churches remain the Roman catholic church
The two Churches
ROMAN CATHOLIC WEST
EASTERN ORTHODOX BYZANTINE
Services Conducted in Latin
Services Conducted in Greek
Pope has authority over all bishops
Patriarch and other bishops head
the church
Pope has authority over all kings
and emperors
Priests can not marry
Emperor has authority over
Patriarch
Priests can marry
Roman and Byzantine Empires
ROMAN EMPIRE WEST
BYZANTINE EMPIRE EAST








Capitol: Rome
Spoke Latin
Education science based
Art emphasized beauty and
physical appearance
 Roman Catholic
 Expansive
Capitol: Constantinople
Spoke Greek
Education religion based
Art emphasized holiness and
spirituality
 Eastern Orthodox Christian
 Fixed
Constantinople
was in foreign
hands for 57
years. When the
emperor regained
the city, its power
was broken.
•
Venetians took over Byzantine
trade routes
to the East.
•
In 1453, the Ottoman
Turks laid siege to
Constantinople. The emperor died
as the city was taken.
•
Mehmet II renamed the city
Istanbul and made it the capital
of the Ottoman empire.
The Byzantine
empire was in
decline even before
the Great Schism.
•
In Europe local lords grew
in power; the Normans took control
of southern Italy.
•
The Seljuk Turks were threatening
Byzantine trade routes and
territories.
After Crusaders plundered Constantinople in the 1260s, the empire
never recovered.
Decline of the Byzantine Empire
Black plague hit Empire during Emperor Justinian rein around
540 AD
Killed large percentage of population
From the Start of the Empire it was under constant attack
Over time Empire lost more and more territory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arZT7EEr5A8
Empire Under Justinian
Byzantine Empire At the End
The Crusades
1204 AD the fourth crusade ends with Christians sacking the
city of Constantinople
Attacks from Islamic and Russian armies shrunk the empire
Empire officially dies with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks
in 1453
Legacy of Byzantine Empire
Preserved Culture of the Greeks and Romans
Great Schism split Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox that will have strong ties to Russian Orthodox.
Legacy Continued
Justinian’s Code preserved Roman laws
Be basis for creation of laws in future European countries
Cyrillic Alphabet allowed for spread of Eastern Orthodox
Christianity into Russia
The Byzantine legacy influenced later cultures.
•
Byzantine art, especially religious icons, influenced Western
styles.
•
Byzantine scholars preserved many Greek and Roman
historical works and took them to the West, where they would
influence the Renaissance.
•
For centuries, Justinian’s Code has influenced European law.
Section 2
The Rise of Russia
Spread of EOC Opening up trade with Russia
Eastern Orthodox
missionaries spread
EOC to Slavs &
Vikings (Russians)
St. Cyril and St.
Methodius most
successful
missionaries
Cyrillic Alphabet
St. Cyril and St.
Methodius Designed
Cyrillic Alphabet
Allowed Slavs to read
bible in native
language
Cyrillic Alphabet
Christianity now spread through Russian areas as the people could now read the Bible in their own
language
How did geography and the migrations
of different people influence the rise of
Russia?
As Western Europe was developing its distinctive
medieval civilization, Russian culture took a different
path. Connecting Europe and Asia, it became a center of
power in its own right.
One reason Russia developed differently from Western
Europe was its unique geography.
Russia is located on a broad plain with three climatic regions
that have influenced Russian life.
•
Northern forests supplied fur-bearing animals and lumber but
were too cold to farm.
•
Russia’s first civilization grew in a narrow band of fertile land now
part of Ukraine.
•
The southern steppe is a treeless, open grassland from which
nomads invaded.
The Danube & Vistula rivers connected Western Europe and Russia to
the Byzantine empire which increase trade and made the east
wealthy.
Russia’s first
civilization grew
where Slavic
and Viking
influences met,
in Kiev.
•
Slavic farmers moved into what is now
Russia between 500 and 600.
•
Vikings traded and took tribute along the
rivers to Constantinople.
•
In 862, Rurik, prince of a Viking group
called the Rus, began to rule Novgorod to
the north.
•
After Rurik’s death, the Rus expanded
and made Kiev their capital—hence the
name “Russia.”
Christian missionaries brought Byzantine influences to
Kiev from Constantinople.
• In 863, Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible into Slavic,
creating Cyrillic, a written script still in use today.
• In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byzantine
Christianity. Olga’s grandson Vladimir later married the sister of
the Byzantine emperor.
Russia was aligned religiously and culturally with the
Byzantine empire.
•
The Orthodox faith became the
Russian religion.
•
Vladimir’s son Yaroslav the Wise
spread Christianity.
•
Russia adapted Byzantine
art and architecture. The onionshaped domes on Russian
churches show Byzantine
influence.
St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow
Between 1236 and 1241, Russia fell to the Mongols.
•
The Golden Horde that invaded Russia was led by Batu,
grandson of Genghis Khan.
•
The invaders looted Kiev and other towns, killing many of
the residents.
•
The Mongols ruled for 150 years.
Fearsome invaders, the Mongol rulers didn’t meddle in local
government as long as tribute was paid. They even tolerated the
Christian Church.
During Mongol rule, the princes of Moscow increased their
power.
•
As Mongol power declined in the fourteenth century, the
princes of Moscow took on a new
role as patriotic defenders of Russia against foreign
invaders.
•
In 1380, they rallied other Russians to defeat the Mongol
Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo.
Although Mongol raiders continued to plunder, their power was
greatly reduced.
The Mongols had a long-term impact on Russia.
•
Mongol leaders provided a model of strong, centralized control
without interference from the clergy or nobility.
•
Russian merchants benefited from safe trade routes between
China and Eastern Europe.
•
The Mongols cut off Russia’s contact with the West just as new
advances were being made there in science and the arts.
Between 1300 and
1584, the power and
territory of the
Russian princes
expanded.
They used their power
as tribute collectors for
the Mongols to subdue
neighboring towns.
Between 1462 and 1505, Ivan the Great united Russia under
his rule.
Ivan conquered
most of
northern Russia
and subdued
local landlords
by limiting their
power.
He married the
last Byzantine
emperor’s niece
and
saw Russia
as the heir to
Byzantine power.
He adopted the
Byzantine doubleheaded eagle as
his symbol and
took the title tsar,
Russian
for Caesar.
In 1547, Ivan III’s grandson, Ivan IV, was crowned tsar.
He limited the privileges of boyars, wealthy landowners, and gave
land instead to nobles in exchange for their military and other
service.
At a time when the manor system was fading in
Western Europe, he instituted a new policy that made poor farmers
into serfs on nobles’ lands.
Known as Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV had a vicious
temper, which grew worse over time.
• When he suspected anyone of disloyalty, he had them
slaughtered by agents called oprichniki, who wore black and
rode black horses.
• His policies created a tradition of authoritarian rule, which
continued in Russia well into the twentieth century.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L0A2D7zV7A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEzVTyAsyl0&list=P
L3z21sNm6oEMMeyS8bbCPbnBouNx-pDfI (20 Only)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QZEOHLbB_g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etmRI2_9Q_A
Section 3
Eastern Europe to 1700
How did geography and ethnic diversity
contribute to the turmoil of Eastern
European history?
The history of Eastern Europe has been marked by
migration, foreign conquest, and war. The region is home to
a diverse mix of peoples who have often battled with each
other and with foreigners.
At the same time, this diverse mix of peoples has greatly
enriched the culture of the region.
Throughout history Eastern Europe has been both a
buffer and a crossroads.
To the north, flat plains
linked Eastern Europe to
Western Europe.
To the south, rivers
linked the rocky Balkan
Peninsula to the
Byzantine and Ottoman
empires.
Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Byzantine
Empire in 1300
Eastern Europe’s
geography contributed
to its diversity, because
many ethnic groups
migrated through the
region.
•
Western Slavs settled in
the present-day Czech
Republic, Poland, and the
Slovak Republic.
•
Southern Slavs and other
groups settled in the
Balkans.
Waves of Vikings, Germanic peoples, Asian Huns, Avars, Bulgars,
Khazars, and Magyars migrated as well.
Eastern Europe was influenced by both Christians and
Muslims.
Byzantine
missionaries
spread Eastern
Orthodox
Christianity in the
Balkans.
German knights
brought Roman
Catholic Christianity
to Poland.
Ottoman invaders
later brought
Islam to the
Balkans.
Jewish migrants left Western Europe
for Eastern Europe.
Thriving Jewish
communities
existed in Muslim
Spain and other
countries.
But they were
blamed for hard
times and natural
disasters such as
the Black Death.
Jews were also
attacked during
the Crusades.
Jewish people were expelled from many lands.
Beginning in 1264, Polish
kings offered tolerance
to the Jews, and many
settled there.
Jewish merchants and
scholars helped Poland
grow.
Migration and Expulsions, 500–1650
During the Middle Ages
many kingdoms and small
states existed in Eastern
Europe.
Some were absorbed by
empires; some merged or
formed alliances.
Others were tied
together by
royal marriages.
Poland and Lithuania forged a large and powerful state
stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.
• The two kingdoms united in 1386 when Polish Queen
Jadwiga married Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania.
• Gradually, power shifted from the monarch to a diet, an
elected body of nobles.
• In the diet a single noble could block (veto) passage of a law,
making it difficult to take decisive action.
What weakened the Monarchs of Poland?
The liberum veto (Latin for "the free veto") was a parliamentary
device in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The rule was
in place from the mid-17th to the late 18th century in
the Sejm's parliamentary deliberations. It was based on
the premise that since all Polish noblemen were equal,
every measure that came before the Sejm had to be
passed unanimously. The principle of liberum veto was a
key part of the political system of the Commonwealth,
strengthening democratic elements and checking royal
power, going against the European-wide trend of having
a strong executive (absolute monarchy).
Without a strong central government,
Poland went into decline.
• A final high point came in
1683, when King Jan
Sobieski broke the Ottoman
siege of Vienna.
• In the eighteenth century,
Poland was carved up by
ambitious neighbors.
King Sobieski
The Magyars came from the Asian steppes and settled in
what is now Hungary.
• During the Middle Ages they ruled present-day Hungary,
Slovakia, Croatia, and part of Romania.
• Like the Slavs in Poland, the Magyars adopted Roman
Catholicism.
The Hungarian king
was forced to sign
the
Golden Bull
of 1222.
•
Like King John in England,
the Hungarian king was
forced to recognize the rights
of the nobles.
•
The Golden Bull also strictly
limited the king’s power.
The Ottoman Turks ended Poland & Hungarian independence in
1526 and set up the Austrian-Ottoman Empire that will control
Eastern Europe until the WWI begins in 1914.
The Serbs set up a kingdom in the Balkans in the 1100s.
•
The peak of Serb power came between 1308 and 1355 with the
reign of Stefan Dusan, who added Albania and Macedonia.
•
Most Serbs practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The Serbs fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1389.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmHxq28440c
We end where we began!!!
Who will control Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire, and will it be
• the Franks or France?
• the Angles/Saxons or England?
• the Roman Church from Germany (the Huns from Germany) to Italy also known as the
“Holy Roman Empire” or the Roman Catholic Church created by the Great Schism from the
old Western Roman Empire?
• the Byzantine Empire from Eastern Europe to Constantinople, to the Vikings of Russia and
the effects on the Balkans (where WWI started) or the new Eastern Roman Empire also
known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and then Russian Orthodoxy created by the Great
Schism?
• the Rise of Islam from the Middle East and India? (This will be covered in a separate unit as
part of Unit 3C and tied into readings and a Paideia seminar comparing/contrasting the rise
of the Germanic Barbarian Invasions of Rome to the War on Terrorism in the present day.)
Did WWI really start because of a Sandwich?
Is it really that simple or were there many
historical factors that caused the “Great War”
dating all the way back to the Fall of Rome?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pFCpKtwCkI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX0rRUkORAo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQpBZU2L2Dg
The Big Picture:
Pre-history to Civilizations to Classical Period to Middle Ages to Enlightenment & Revolution to the Modern Era and beyond…..
Humans
develop
civilizations,
Athens
becomes of
the “Cradle of
Democracy”,
and the Roman
Republic rises
and falls.
The fall of
Rome led to
Barbarian
invasions and a
take-over of
remnants of the
old Roman
Empire that
would create
the rise of
European
nations through
revolution and
rebellion and
eventually lead
to World Wars.
After WWII the
rise of
Superpowers
led to the Cold
War between
the United
States &
Soviet Union.
The battle for
control of ___
continues
between
Europe, the
United States,
Russia, Asia &
___________.
The …
…rise of something
else or new.
OR
…continuation of our
experiment in
democracy and selfgovernment.