Transcript World War I PowerPoint

Lesson 7
World War I
“Great War”
U.S. History
Scotts Hill High School
Coach Stroup
War in Europe
 June
28, 1914,
Serbian nationalist
Gavrilo Princip
assassinates
Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
and wife Sofia in
hopes of uniting
Slavic peoples.
War In Europe
 Instead,
lit the fuse of WWI, other wise
known as the “Great War”
 For several years things had been
smoldering in Europe.
 France, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal,
Germany, and the U.S. all successfully
colonized foreign lands.
War in Europe
 Imperialism
had created:
1.
Vast empires
2.
Competition for territory
3.
Greater economic gain
War in Europe “Review”

What two people are assassinated in June of
1914?


Who is the Serbian nationalist that commits
this assassination?



Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife Sofia
Gavrilo Princip
What does this ignite?
Imperialism had created what:



Vast empires
Competition for territory
Greater economic gain
It’s getting Hot in Here!!




European nations also competed for military
might against rivals to protect their colonies.
Which led G.B., France, & Germany to build
large armies as well.
Adding to the tensions was strong feelings of
Nationalism.
Nationalism is the loyalty to one’s country or
ethnic group led to demands for
independence from foreign rule.
Enter the Powers



All of these things set the stage for war.
As one country after another aligned itself for
battle to come.
Allied Powers (Good Guys)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
G.B.
France
Italy
Russia
Japan
Eventually the U.S.
Enter the Powers
Central
1.
2.
3.
Powers: (Bad Guys)
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Powers “Review”

This known as loyalty to one’s country or
ethnic group, which led to demands for
independence from foreign rule.


Nationalism
Who were the Allied Powers?






Great Britain
France
Italy
Russia
Japan
U.S.
Powers Review
 Who



were known as the Central Powers?
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
American Isolationism
 Isolationism,
is that the nation should
remain isolated from European conflict.
 Many in the U.S. felt this way.
 President Woodrow Wilson agreed with
the American neutrality.
 We had 2/3 of our population that were
foreign born or children of immigrants.
 Wilson encouraged Americans to remain
neutral.
American Isolationism




Propaganda was used to stir the emotions of
both sides to turn American opinion of the
war.
Wilson believed German victory would be
harmful to democracy.
President Wilson allowed war loans to both
the Central & Allied Powers.
In turn, America companies benefited from
trade in munitions and other supplies from
European countries.
American Isolationism




Royal Navy would board American ships at
sea & confiscate all cargo headed for
German ports.
Enforcing the British blockade of goods
intended for Germany.
Money borrowed from U.S. by European
countries, in particular France, boosted the
American economy.
Also bolstered the Allied Powers, though U.S.
remained politically neutral.
Isolationism “Review’

A nation that remains isolated from European
conflict is known as what?


This is used to stir emotions of both sides, to
turn American opinion about involvement in
WWI.


Isolationism
Propaganda
President Wilson allow what to be sold to both
the Central & Allied Powers?

War Loans
Isolationism “Review”

Money borrowed by European countries, in
particular France, boosted whose economy?


Royal Nave would board whose ships &
confiscate all cargo head for which ports?



America’s
American
German ports
But as the U.S. economy was on the rise, also
did which of the powers grew?

Allied
New Ways of Warfare
 Trench
warfare, poison gas, and tanks
able to cross difficult terrain & engage the
enemy at close range, was a game
changer in WWI.
 Airplanes played a special role as well
with their “dogfights”.
 Newly designed German submarines, “UBoats” proved to be especially deadly for
the Allies.
New Ways of Warfare
 February
1915, Germany warned it would
sink any vessel entering or leaving British
ports.
 On May 7, 1915, passenger liner
“Lusitania” was struck by a German
torpedo off the coast of Ireland.
 Ship sank within 18 minutes, killing 1,200
people. (128 Americans)
New Warfare “Review”

What tactics were the game changers during
WWI?




What were know as “dogfights”


Airplanes that fought in the air while flying.
Germans also had a tool they used that
proved to be especially deadly for the Allies?


Trench warfare
Poison gas
Tanks
U-Boats
In February of 1915, what country warned
they would sink any vessel entering or leaving
British ports?

Germany
New Warfare “Review”
 On
May 7, 1915, what passenger liner was
sank by German torpedo's?

Lusitania
 What

coast did the attack occur off of?
Coast of Ireland
 1,200
people were killed. How many
Americans did that include?

266
New Ways of Warfare
 U.S.
Congress would responded to the
attack on passenger liners.
 Passed the National Defense Act of 1916.
 Increased the size of the army & released
$6 million to build naval warships.
 On February 23, 1917, British gives U.S.
telegram that they intercepted.
 Written by German Foreign Secretary
Arthur Zimmermann.
New Ways of Warfare




Telegram was addressed to the German
ambassador to Mexico.
It proposed an alliance with Mexico if the U.S.
abandoned neutrality.
Also promised a return of land relinquished to
the U.S. in the 1840’s after the war of over and
won.
April 2, 1917, President Wilson asks Congress
for a declaration of War against Germany.
Response to attacks “Review”

U. S. would pass what act that increased the size
of the army & $6 million to build naval warships?


British intercept a telegram written by Germany’s
Foreign Secretary Author Zimmermann on
February 23, 1917. What was written in that
telegram?


To Mexico; ask for alliance if U.S. joined war; also
promised the return of relinquished land during
1840’s after war was won.
Became known as the __________ telegram.


National Defense Act of 1916
Zimmermann Telegraph
President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration
of War vs. Germany on what date?

April 2, 1917
Major Issues of WWI
 Lasted
four years (1914 – 1918). U.S. 17
months
 In the end, 30 million killed or wounded.
 Battles like Ypres, Verdun and the Battle of
Somme, claimed over 1 million lives alone.
 Most unprepared for addition of modern
machinery to traditional warfare.
 May 1917, Congress passes Selective
Service Act.
Major Issues of WWI




Selective Service Act authorized a military
draft requiring soldiers to serve until four
months after president declared peace.
In all, 2.8 million were called into service.
Another 2 million volunteered for duty.
Including 30,000 women who served in the:
1)
2)
3)
Coast Guard
Signal Corps
Nurses in the Navy
Issues “Review”
 WWI
lasted between the years
19___ - 19____.

1914 – 1918
 How
many total soldiers killed or wounded
all together?

30 Million
 What
two things effected the outcome of
the war?

Modern Machinery and Traditional warfare
Issues “Review”
 Because
of the Declaration of War,
Congress passes what Act in May of 1917?

Selective Service Act
 What
did the Selective Service Act
authorize?

A military draft requiring soldiers to serve
until four months after president declared
peace.
Major Issues of WWI
 In
1917, Congress passes the Espionage
Act.
 This made it a crime to interfere with
induction of soldiers or to knowingly refuse
the draft.
 Along with the Sedition Act of 1918, it
became a crime to speak out, write, or
engage in any activity against the
governments war efforts.
Major Issues of WWI
 Many
Socialists, such as Eugene Debs,
and pacifists viewed as a problem by the
government, were imprisoned when
spoke out against the war.
Major Issues of WWI
 Participation
in the war was viewed as an
act of patriotism.
 Families planted victory gardens so more
farm products could be used for war
efforts.
 Citizens were encourage to ration their
food to eat what they needed.
 To help finance the war, Americans
purchased Liberty Bonds.
Issues “Review”

What Act was passed in 1917 that made it a
crime to interfere with the induction of soldiers
or to knowingly refuse the draft?


What Act passed in 1918, made it a crime to
speak out, write or engage in any activity
against the gov’t war efforts?


Espionage Act
Sedition Act
Many Socialists were viewed as problems by
the gov’t. One in particular was imprisoned
when he spoke out against the war. Name?

Eugene Debs
Issues “Review”

Participation in war efforts as viewed as what?


Families planted what type of gardens?


So more farm products used for war efforts
Citizens were encouraged to do what with their
food?


Victory Gardens
Why?


Patriotism
Ration their food, eat what they needed.
To help finance the war, Americans purchased
what?

Liberty Bonds
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Road
to peace began October 4, 1918.
 German gov’t requested an armistice.
 Which basically didn’t mean the end of
the war but Germany were going to
pump the breaks a bit.
 Wilson said that once Germany removed
their troops from Belgium and France then
discussions could begin.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 However,
Germany refused to speak to
military leaders, they wanted to negotiate
peace with civilian leaders.
 The armistice went into effect November
11, 1918 at 11 a.m.
 Which became known as “the eleventh
hour on the eleventh day of the eleventh
month”.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points



On March 3, 1918, Russia’s new gov’t and
leaders of the Central Powers signed the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Which was Russia’s way out of the war.
Treaty had severe ramifications for Russia.
1.
Loss of land biggest
a)
b)
c)
d)
Georgia
Lithuania
Poland
And the Baltic States
Wilson’s Fourteen Points


President Wilson view the treaty with concern,
that when he drafted his vision for a lasting
peace.
Termed the Fourteen Points, it included the:
1)
2)
3)

Right to Self-Rule
Free Trade
Free access to the seas by all nations
Central to the Fourteen Points was an
international peace-keeping body, an
association of nations.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points


On June 28, 1919, European nations sign the
Treaty of Versailles.
Crafted by the “Big Four”
1)
2)
3)
4)

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
Georges Clemenceau (France)
David Lloyd George (G.B.)
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy)
Wilson wanted all countries to share equally in
peace, other members of the “Big Four”
wanted to punish Germany.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Terms
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
of the Treaty of Versailles:
Germany was to accept full blame of war.
Pay 33 Billion in reparations to Allies.
Agree to be disarmed.
A demilitarized zone established b/w
France and Germany.
Nations curved from territories of Central
Powers.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points




Though much of Fourteen Points were
excluded the Treaty of Versailles established
Wilson’s vision for a League of Nations.
Wilson lobbied for the U.S. to ratify the treaty,
but ultimately Congress rejected it.
Article X could not be agreed upon.
The League of Nations first met November
1920, but without the participation of the U.S.