Transcript WH chapter 5 lesson 3 PPx

5.3: France, Austria, Prussia
& Russia
Bellringer
• Bellringer
– If you became an
absolute ruler of your
own country, what
would be the first 3
policies you would
enact? (Please take this
seriously, and keep it
school appropriate)
• Agenda
– Bellringer
– PP Lecture with Guided
Notes
– Group video projects
– 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1 quiz
Louis XIII
• Henry IV assassinated
– 9 years old son Louis
XIII inherited throne.
• Young Louis XIII
appointed Cardinal
Armand Richelieu as
his chief minister and
ruled with his help.
Richelieu
• Richelieu wanted to destroy the power of Huguenots
and nobles so he:
– Smashed the Huguenots cities, outlawed their
armies, took away political and military rights
BUT he allowed them to practice their own
religion
– Defeated the private nobles armies and destroyed
their castles BUT he tied nobles to the king by
giving them high posts at court or in royal army
Richelieu’s Main Goals
• Further strengthen the power of the central
government (extending royal power)
• Sought to destroy the Huguenots and the
nobles, two groups that did not bow to royal
authority
• Handpicked his successor, Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV
• Son of Louis XIII
• Inherited throne at age 5
• Believed in his divine right to rule
• Took the sun as the symbol of his absolute
power:
– Just as the sun stands at the center of the solar
system, so the Sun King stands at the center of the
nation
Louis XIV & Marazin
• Reign of Louis XIV:
1. Ruled with Marazin´s help
2. Disorder again swept France
– After Marazin died Louis took
the government under his
complete control.
– Claimed “I Am The State.”
Policies of Louis XIV
• Never called a meeting of the The Estates
General
– The medieval council made up of representatives of
all French social classes
– Had been established to check royal power
Policies of Louis XIV
• Appointed intendants (royal officials from the
middle class who collected taxes, recruited
soldiers, and carried out Louis’ policies
throughout France)
• Why the middle class?
a.Cemented Louis’ ties with the middle class
b. Checked the power of nobles and Church
Policies of Louis XIV
•Under Louis XIV, the French army
became the strongest in Europe
– Army was used to enforce his policies
at home and abroad
•Think-Pair-Share
– Do world powers still do this today?
Jean Colbert
• Louis’ finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert
followed mercantilist policies, helping make
France the wealthiest state in Europe.
– a. New lands cleared for farming, encouraged
mining and other basic industries, and built up
luxury trades
– b. Imposed high taxes on imported goods to
protect French manufacturers
Versailles
• One of the most
magnificent
buildings in Europe
• Symbol of the “Sun
King’s” wealth and
power
• Could house up to
10,000 people
• Served as the Louis
XIV’s home and the seat
of the government
Think-Pair-Share
•Can you think of any modern
examples of people in power living in
large, extravagant homes?
Louis XIV’s Accomplishments
• Strengthened royal power, the army, the economy,
the arts, and learning
– Made France the leading power in Europe militarily,
politically, culturally
• Prevented disagreements from within by keeping
the nobles busy in the king’s court instead of
battling for power
• Versailles became a symbol of royal power and
wealth
Weakening France’s Economy
• Waged war to expand France’s borders which
drained his treasury
– Other European nations wanted to maintain the
balance of power = a distribution of military and
economic power among European nations to prevent
any one country from dominating the region
• Expelled Huguenots whom he saw as a threat to
religious and political unity,
– Huguenots were some of Louis’ most productive
subjects
• Effectively bankrupted the nation
Think-Pair-Share
•Do you think Louis XIV was a
good ruler? Why or why not?
Austria & Prussia
• Struggle between Protestant North and Catholic
South in (modern day) Germany triggered the Thirty
Years’ War
– War led to severe depopulation (roughly 1/3 of the people
in the German states died)
• Finally exhausted, combatants accepted treaties like
the Peace of Westphalia.
– Germany was divided into more than 360 separate, semiindependent states
– Each still recognized the Holy Roman emperor but had
their own government, money, church, army, and foreign
policy
Hapsburg Austria
• Though weakened by war, the Hapsburg
family that controlled Holy Roman Empire
and Spain wanted to create a strong, united
state.
• Focused attention on expanding their own
lands
– Added Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic,
Hungary, Poland, and Southeast Europe
[Sovenia, Croatia] to Austria)
Maria Theresa
• When Hapsburg emperor Charles VI died,
many did not recognize his daughter, Maria
Theresa’s right to rule.
– No woman had ruled Hapsburg lands in her own
name
– Difficult to unite these diverse lands.
• Frederick II of Prussia seized the Hapsburg
province of Silesia, which sparked the 8-year
War of the Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa
• Maria Theresa appealed to
Hungarian assembly for help .
• Despite resistance, she was able to
preserve her empire with support
from Britain and Russia, (Britain
and Russia didn’t want Prussia to
upset the balance of power)
• She strengthened Hapsburg power
by reorganizing the bureaucracy and
improving tax collection.
• Forced nobles to pay taxes, easing
the tax burden on peasants.
• Formed strong Catholic state.
Think-Pair-Share
•Do you think Maria Theresa
would face similar challenges to
her authority if she ruled today?
Prussia
• While Austria was
molding a strong
Catholic state, a region
called Prussia emerged
as a new Protestant
power
• The Hohenzollern
rulers set up an efficient
central bureaucracy
• Became one of the great
powers of Europe
Frederick William I
• Frederick William I gained the
loyalty of Prussian nobles by
giving them positions in the
government and army, which
reduced their independence
and increased his own control
• He also created one of the besttrained armies in Europe
(40,000 strong)
•Maintained his power by setting up and
controlling the General War Commissariat
(which controlled the government)
•Gave official positions to noblemen of power
(known as junkers).
•Frederick William made sure that from a
young age, his son Frederick was trained in the
art of war. Frederick is going to be the first
king of Prussia.
Russia
•Russia is a divided land
-Small domains of control in a huge
country.
•By the 1400’s Ivan Vasilyevich becomes
supreme ruler of Russia and calls himself
“czar” or Caesar of Russia.
Russia
• Ivan is ruthless in taking power
-Destroyed the Russian nobles known as orboyars.
• Was so absolute and controlling that he got
the nickname Ivan the Terrible.
Russia
• When Ivan died, Russia went into a period called
“Time of troubles”
– Untouched by Renaissance and European reformations
– Completely isolated
• The national assembly (Congress) of Russia (known as
the zemsky sobor) chose a man named Michael
Romanov as the new czar.
• The “Romanov Dynasty” will last over 300 years.
Not until 1682 did a czar emerge who was
strong enough to regain order and maintain
absolute power of earlier czars.
Peter Mikhailov (Peter the Great) was that
czar who pushed Russia to become a great
modern power.
Peter The Great
• The most dominant figure in the
Russian history
• He learned from European
cultures and was inspired by them
to completely reform Russia.
• Traveled around Europe
examining the way modern
government, technology, the
military, and culture were
managed in Western Europe.
• Wanted to catch Russia up to
them.
Peter The Great
• Embarked on a policy of westernization, or adoption of
western ideas, technology, and culture
– Had difficulty convincing Russians to change their way of life.
• To impose his will, he became the most autocratic of Europe’s
monarchs
– Tortured and killed those who challenged him.
• Also strengthened the military to 210,000 soldiers- requiring
25 year enlistments
• He expanded Russian borders, including wars with Sweden to
get an “ice free” port (St. Petersburg)
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control,
• Expanded serfdom (like feudalism/slavery).
– Used serfs to serve the state (work on government projects like
building roads, canals, etc.)
• Enforced mercantilist policies and expanded trade.
St. Petersburg
• Built new capital city at St.
Petersburg. Called it a
“window on the West.”
• Just as Versailles was a
monument to French
absolutism, St. Petersburg
became symbolic of Russian
absolutism as well as a
symbol of modern Russia.
Russian Absolutism
• Absolute power of the czars was inherited
• Cruel, almost tyrannical reign (coined the
term “police state” as something positive
because it meant safety and stability and
peace) of Peter was necessary in order to
tame turmoil and prevent upheaval of
power in Russia
Think-Pair-Share
•Are there any similarities
between how Russia was run
under Peter the Great and how
it’s run today?