Transcript German Unification

German Unification
Sections 1-2
Europe 1860
Germany Late 1800s
German Peoples
• German-speaking people
– Spread through small states
– Prussia
– Austrian Hapsburg Empire
• German Confederation of states
Impact of Napoleon
• 1807-1812
– Lands around the Rhine to France
– Dissolved Holy Roman Empire
– Rhine Confederation
• Some embraced French Rule
– Many called for German unification (Nationalism
backfiring)
• Congress of Vienna
– Created German Confederation (headed by
Austria)
Prussian Leadership
• 1830s – Zollverein
– Economic union
– Dismantled tariffs between
German States
• 1848 – Frankfurt Assembly
– Political unity
– Offered throne to Fredrick William
IV of Prussia
– Rejected throne offered by “the
people”
Otto von Bismarck
• Prussia’s Junker class
– Conservative landowning
nobles
• Prussian diplomat
• 1862 King William I
appointed him Chancellor
– Will unite German States
Review
• Where were the German speaking people during the
early 1800s?
• What empire did Napoleon abolish in the heart of
Europe?
• What did the Confederation did the Congress of
Vienna establish and who lead that Confederation?
• What was the name of the economic union created in
Prussia?
• What leader was eventually elected Chancellor of
Prussia?
“Blood and Iron”
• “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to
her power…. The great questions of the day are not to
be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that
was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and
iron!”
– Otto von Bismarck
• Master of Realpolitik
• Moved to build up Prussian army
– Legislature would not allow funds
– Used money from other purposes
War With Denmark & Austria
• 1864 alliance with Austria
– “liberate” providences from Denmark
– Largely inhabited by Germans
• 1866 attacked Austria (Austro-Prussian War)
– Lasted 7 weeks
– Prussia Annexed several northern German states
• Dissolved German Confederation (Austrian Led)
– Allowed Austria and 4 Southern German states
independence
– “Avoid leaving behind any desire for revenge”
Germany Post Austro-Prussian
War
Franco Prussian War
• Growing French Concern
– Germans remembered Napoleon Invasion
– Both nations looking for military glory
• Bismarck Edited a telegraph between King
William I and French ambassador
– Made William insult the French
• Napoleon III declared war on Prussia
– Prussia Smashed France within weeks
Germany Post Franco Prussian
War
The Second Reich
• Southern German States and Confederation
convince William I to take title: Kaiser
• January 1871 birth of Second Reich
– Heir to Holy Roman Empire
• Constitution drafted by Bismarck
– 2-house Legislature
– Bundesrat (upper house)
– Reichstag (lower house)
Review
• What speech did Otto von Bismarck give that set the
tone for his rule?
• What alliance did Otto von Bismarck create that he
eventually turned against?
• How long did the Austro-Prussian war last?
• Why did the French fear the growing German power?
• What was the name of the new German Empire?
Strengthening
Germany
New European Power
• France previously
dominated Europe
• German Princes crowned
William I in Versailles
– Showed end of French
Reign
– New German Domination
German Industrial Giant
• Late 1800s German chemical and
electrical industries set world standards
– Second in shipping to British
• Economic progress
– Abundant coal & iron
– Disciplined & educated workforce
– Rapidly growing population
Science, Government,
Industry
• First to use applied sciences
– Synthetic chemicals & dyes
– Research and development
• Government promoted economic
development
– 1871 single currency for Germany
– Reorganized banks
– Coordinated railroads
Iron Chancellor
• Kept France weak & isolated
• Built strong links with Austria and Russia
• Respected British “Water rats”
• Ruthless methods for German unification
– Destroy local loyalties
– Crush opposition to imperial state
Review
• Where was William I crowned to demonstrate German
dominance of Europe?
• What were 2 resources Germany had that allowed
them to become an industrial giant?
• How did Germany lead the way for new industrial
inventions and discoveries?
• Why was Otto von Bismarck known as the Iron
Chancellor?
Campaign Against Church
• Catholics 1/3 population
• Bismarck was Lutheran
– Catholics 1st loyalty was to Pope
• Kulturkampf – “battle for
civilization”
– put loyalty to State above Church
• Policies backfired
Campaign Against Socialists
• Oppressed Socialist movements
– Backfired
• Looked to woo workers
– Created laws to protect them
– Health & accident insurance
– Retirement benefits
• German pioneer on social reform
• Partially slowed Socialist movement
Kaiser William II
• Asked Bismarck to resign
• Resisted efforts for democratic
reform
• Instituted social end economic
reform
• Enlarged military
• Increased German Militarism &
Nationalism
Closure
• What did Napoleon establish when he abolished the Holy
Roman Empire?
• Who took over power as the German Chancellor?
• What speech did the new German Chancellor give that would
set the tone for the entirety of his rule?
• Which war ushered in the Second Reich?
• How was Germany able to become an economic giant?
• Who asked the German Chancellor to eventually step down?