Transcript Chapter 4 US EV - Clover School District

Homework:
Textbook: Interpretations of American History
Read Chapter 4
Source Reader
Read “Letters from an American Farmer”
pp. 8 – 9
English Crown: Limited Monarchy
Unlike Charles II’s
contemporaries, such as
Louis XIV of France, the
English monarchy had
restrictions on its power:
Magna Carta (1215)
Parliament (1295)
Petition of Right (1628,
inspired the Massachusetts
Body of Liberties)
The Restoration
After the death of Oliver
Cromwell, Parliament asked
Charles II to return and assume
the throne. The English had
grown tired of Puritanical
military rule. Despite this
change, like their father,
Charles II and then James II will
clash with the English idea of
representative government,
both at home and abroad.
Tightening the Grip
As Duke of York, James II forbade the assembly of New York
to meet, except briefly between 1682 and 1686.
Charles II combined New Haven with Connecticut, in 1662,
since New Haven gave refuge to two judges that
condemned Charles I to death. He also gave Connecticut a
charter to act as a economic rival to Massachusetts, since
Massachusetts defied his authority.
He eventually took New Hampshire away from
Massachusetts and gave it a royal charter in 1679.
In 1663, a new charter was given to Rhode Island, giving
the colony legitimacy, because of Massachusetts’ defiance
Finally in 1684, Charles II made Massachusetts a royal
colony and revoked its charter. This also dissolved the New
England Confederation and the Body of Liberties.
Dominion of New England
In 1686, the Dominion of
New England was created,
by James II, to bolster the
colonial defense against
Indians and tying the
colonies closer to Britain by
enforcing the
hated Navigation Acts. The
acts forbade American trade
with countries other than
Britain. As a result,
smuggling became
common.
Sir Edmund Andros
He was the head of the Dominion.
Establishing headquarters in Boston, he
openly showed his association with the
locally hated Church of England. His
soldiers were vile-mouthed and
despised by Americans. Andros
responded to opposition by curbing
town meetings, restricting the courts,
schools, and the press, and revoking all
land titles. He taxed the people
without their consent. Tension grew in
New York, as well, since Catholics held
prominent political and military power
and the colonists feared their officials
would betray them to Catholic France.
Glorious Revolution
In 1688, James II’s wife gave
birth to a son, and the
English grew fearful of
possibly having another
Catholic king. The people of
England staged a bloodless
revolution, overthrowing
James II and
installing William of Orange
and his wife Mary, daughter
of James II, to the crown.
James II fled to France.
Effects of the Glorious Revolution
Creation of the English Bill of Rights (1689)
Collapse of the Dominion of New England
Massachusetts got a royal charter in 1691, but
this charter allowed all landowners to vote, as
opposed to the previous law of voting
belonging only to the church members.
Leisler’s Rebellion
Protestant Association
William III encourage colonial assemblies to
work with royal and proprietary governors
“Salutary Neglect”
An unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over
colonial trade and only weak enforcement of the
Navigation Laws, lasting from 1688 to 1763.
Even though more royal officials patrolled the
American ports, governments, and courts, the
colonies thrived on independence from royal
intrusion.
Beginning of the World Wars
The first two accounts of the major European
powers fighting in North America were called
King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen
Anne’s War (1702-1713). In the colonies, these
conflicts dealt primarily between English
settlers, French trappers, and any native tribes
either side could enlist. The mother countries
did not consider North America a concern to
commit enlisted men.
Results of the Wars
Grand Settlement of
1701
Treaty of Utrecht
(1713) – French lost
Arcadia (Nova Scotia),
Newfoundland, and
Hudson Bay
Conflicts reinforced the
colonists’ allegiance to
England (Protection of
Protestantism and
political liberty)
Mercantilism
An economic theory that closely linked a
nation’s political and military power with its
revenue. Mercantilists generally believed
that to attain more power, a nation must
export more than it imports, thus
protectionism and colonial acquisition is
needed to increase exports.
Triangle Trade
The exchange of trade between the American colonies,
West Africa, and the West Indies. It was a small, but
immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade and
mercantilist theory.
Mercantilist Actions on the
Colonies
Navigation Acts
Molasses Act and other trade laws
Restricted the colonies from creating
currency
The British crown reserved the right to
nullify any legislation passed by colonial
assemblies that endangered the
mercantilist system
Navigation Acts
Passed between 1650 and 1673, these laws
established three rules for colonial trade:
1) Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by
English or colonial built ships, which are operated only by
English or colonial crews
2) All goods imported to the colonies, except for some
perishables could pass only through ports in England
3) Specified goods from the colonies could be exported to
England only. Tobacco was the original specified good, but
over a period of years, the list was expanded to include
most colonial products
Molasses Act
This was a tax place on imported molasses, in 1733,
in an effort to stop the North American trade with
the French West Indies. The law proved to be
largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling and
bribery.
Wool Act of 1699
The act prohibited American colonists from
exporting wool, wool yarn, or wool cloth to
markets outside the individual colony in which it
was produced, and also restricted the import of
woolens and linens created in other areas of the
British Empire. In effect, it forced all wool and
wool products produced by colonies and
dependent areas of Britain to be sold to British
markets, and then resold to British citizens in all
areas of the empire. Each sale generated taxes
on these goods.
Hat Act of 1732
It controlled hat production in the Thirteen
Colonies. It specifically placed limits on the
manufacture, sale, and exportation of Americanmade hats. The act also restricted hiring
practices by limiting the number of workers that
hatmakers could employ. The law's effect was
that Americans in the colonies were forced to
buy British-made goods, and this artificial trade
restraint meant that Americans paid four times
as much for hats and cloth imported from
Britain than for local goods.
Iron Act of 1750
The act was designed to restrict the colonial manufacture
of finished iron products and steel. This was a
continuation of a long term British policy, which were
designed to direct most American trade to England, and
to encourage the manufacture of goods for export to the
colonies in Britain. The Iron Act, if enforced, would have
severely limited the emerging iron manufacturing
industry in the colonies. However, as with other trade
legislation, enforcement was poor because no one had
any significant incentive to ensure compliance.
Positives and Negatives of
Mercantilism
Positives:
Navigation Laws were loosely enforced allowing smuggling
The crown paid the colonies for raw goods and shipping
rather than local English merchants
Tobacco planters had a monopoly on the English populace
Colonial merchants had the protection of the mighty British
army and navy, without the cost.
New England shipbuilding prospered
Negatives:
Forced colonists to become dependent on British
middlemen, creditors, and manufactured goods
Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops
Colonists felt like they were being used for the benefit of
the mother country over their personal needs
By 1775…
The population of the thirteen colonies was
2.5 million people. (500,000 were African)
3:1 English subject to colonist ratio
The average age was 16 years old
Most of the population (95%) was densely
cooped up east of the Alleghenies, though by
1775, some had slowly trickled into Tennessee
and Kentucky.
About 90% of the people lived in rural areas
and were therefore farmers.
Diverse Society
Despite being predominately
English, the American colonies
had a more diverse society, in
1775, than any European country:
6% German
7% Scots-Irish
5% Swede, French, Welsh, Dutch,
Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots
Highlanders
20% African (the only
involuntary immigrant)
Germans
These individuals accounted
for about 6% of the
population, or about 150,000
people by 1775. Most were
Protestant (primarily
Lutheran) and were
erroneously called the
“Pennsylvania Dutch.” Not
having loyalty to the English
throne, the Germans
tenaciously clung to their
language and customs.
Scots-Irish
 The Scots-Irish were about 7% of the population, with 175,000
people.
 Over many decades, they had been transplanted to Northern Ireland,
but they had not found a home there (the already existing Irish
Catholics resented the intruders).
 Many of the Scots-Irish reached America and became squatters,
quarreling with both Native Americans and white landowners.
 Most moved to Pennsylvania and as the Allegany boundary stopped
the flow West they began to trickle down to Maryland, Virginia, and
the Carolinas.
 They were known to be very hot-headed and independent minded.
They also brought the secrets of distilling Scottish whiskey.
 Many eventually became American revolutionists.
“Middle Passage”
The transatlantic
voyage slaves endured
between Africa and the
colonies. Mortality
rates ran as high as
20%.
Colonial Society Structure
 In contrast to contemporary Europe, America was a land of
opportunity. With the exception of slaves, anyone who was willing to
work hard could possibly go from rags to riches.
 Class differences did eventually emerge, as a small group of elites
(made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had
much of the power.
 Armed conflicts in the 1690s and 1700s enriched a number of
merchants in the New England and middle colonies.
 War also created many widows and orphans who eventually had to
turn to charity, but the poverty in America did not compare to the
poverty in England. Attitudes toward the poor shifted in the 1700s.
 In the South, a firm social pyramid emerged
 About 50,000 criminals were also shipped to the colonies, though
many were convicted by an unfair English penal code
American Slave System
As prosperity increased, slaves
were seen as an economic
necessity and could afford to
keep them healthy, though they
were treated worse than white
indentured servants.
Creoles and Africans
Task System/Carolina and the
Gang system/Chesapeake
Imposed slave codes to keep
order. Depending on the
colony, reading, writing, and
manumission were forbidden.
South Carolina Slave Revolt
An uprising, in 1739, also known as the Stono
Rebellion, of eighty South Carolina blacks along the
Stono River. They burned seven plantations and
killed twenty whites. The slaves attempted to reach
Spanish Florida, but were stopped by the South
Carolina militia.
New York Slave Revolt
An uprising, in 1712, of
approximately two dozen
slaves that resulted in the
death of nine whites, the
brutal execution of eighteen
blacks, and the suicide of six
other accused slaves. Thirty
blacks were executed and
the seventy more were
exiled to the West Indies,
after a wave of thefts and
fires took place in 1741.
Securing New France and Louisiana
Founded the city of New Orleans and
befriended the Choctaw to protect the
Mississippi River.
Expanded trade relations with natives in the
upper Ohio River and Great Plains Indian
tribes
Antoine Cadillac - French explorer who
created Fort Detroit in 1701, to stop the
English settlers from moving into the Ohio
River Valley.
British Westward Expansion
 Tuscarora War
(1711-1713)
Yamasee War (17151716)
Plight of the
Catawbas
Covenant Chain
Walking Purchase
Georgia: The Buffer Colony
 Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British
colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida and the
French in Louisiana.
 It was founded last, in 1733, by a high-minded group of
philanthropists. Named after King George II, it was also meant to
be a second chance site for debtors. James Oglethorpe, the
ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman,
repelled Spanish attacks. He saved “the Charity Colony” by his
energetic leadership and by mortgaging his own fortune.
 All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and
many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians. John
Wesley was one of them, and he later returned to England and
founded the Methodist Church.
 Georgia developed a plantation system late because of an
unhealthy climate, early restrictions on black slavery and
restrictions on landholdings, and constant Spanish attacks. As a
result, Georgia grew slowly and had the smallest population of
all the English colonies.
New Spain Grows Slowly
By 1750, the Spanish had reclaimed New
Mexico and lived in relative peace with the
Pueblos
Texas was slow to develop because of the lack
of security, however, some mission/forts were
developed (Alamo) by 1760.
Florida did not expand in the 1700s, but
proved to be a vital territory at threatening
Carolina. Slaves also found refuge in the
colony if they converted to Catholicism.
War of Jenkins’ Ear
A war, in 1739, between England and Spain
supposedly over the chopped off ear of an
English sea captain. It began as a small-scale war
with clashes in the Caribbean and the buffer
colony of Georgia, but eventually merged with
the much larger War of Austrian Succession in
1742.
King George’s War
Also known as the War of Austrian Succession, this was a war
that pitted Great Britain against France and Spain between
1740 and 1748. New Englanders helped British regulars
capture Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, which commanded
the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It was given back to
France at the war’s end which angered many of the colonists.
Colonial Politics
 By 1775, eight of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed
by the king.
 Three had governors chosen by proprietors (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Delaware)
 Practically every colony utilized a two-house legislative body.
 The upper house was appointed by royal officials or proprietors. It was
chosen by the people in self-governing colonies. (Connecticut and Rhode
Island).
 The lower house was elected by the people.
 Self-taxation with representation came to be a cherished privilege that
Americans valued above most other rights.
 Most governors did a good job, but some were just plain corrupt. Many
colonial legislatures controlled the governors through the “power of
purse.”
 The right to vote was not available to just anyone, with gender, property,
and religious qualifications required. However, the ease of acquiring land
to hard workers made voting a privilege easily attainable.
Zenger Trial
A New York libel case , in 1734
and 1735, that was against
John Peter Zenger for writing
articles charging the royal
governor of corruption. The
case established the principle
that truthful statements about
public officials could not be
prosecuted as libel. The
decision became the banner
for freedom of the press.
The Enlightenment
A term used to describe a time in Western
philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the
eighteenth century, in which reason was
advocated as the primary source and
legitimacy for authority.
Benjamin Franklin
No American fully embodied
the enlightenment spirit:
“Renaissance Man”
Junto
Poor Richard’s Almanack
American Philosophical Society
Established in Philadelphia the
first privately supported
circulating library in America
Helped launch the University of
Pennsylvania, the first college free
of denominational control.
Deism
An 18th century doctrine, embraced by
numerous founding fathers like Jefferson and
Franklin, that emphasized reasoned moral
behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge.
Most deists rejected the biblical inerrancy and
the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a
“Supreme Being” created the universe.
Arminianism
The belief that salvation is
offered to all humans, but is
conditional on acceptance of
God’s grace. Different from
Calvinism, which emphasizes
predestination and
unconditional election, the
change sparked many
churches to eventually
concede to these “heresies”
to revitalize the church.
Great Awakening
This was a religious
revival, which took place
in the 1730s and 1740s.
The event swept through
the colonies to place an
emphasis on direct,
emotive spirituality.
Preachers like Jonathan
Edwards and George
Whitefield molded a new
craft of preaching.
Effects of the Great Awakening
Division in the clergy: Old Lights v. New Lights
Schisms in denominations greatly increased the number of sects in
America and increased competition
A fresh wave of missionary work was encouraged among Native
Americans and slaves
“New Light” centers of higher learning were founded, like
Princeton, Rutgers, Dartmouth, and Brown
The event was the first spontaneous mass movement of the
American people, breaking down sectional boundaries and
denominational lines, which contributed to the growing sense that
the American people have a common history and shared
experiences