Transcript Total war

 Tell
me one thing you did over Spring
Break!
 What
would be
the best title for
this picture?
Essential Question:
What were the
underlying causes
of World War I?
A
nation’s policy to maintain strong
armed forces.
 European nations began to spend more
money on their military in case a war were
to break out. (They wanted to be prepared)
 Required
service in the military (known as
conscription) was common in Europe before
1914.
 This led to increased tensions between
nations.
 Graphic
from DBQ
 Military
tension between European
nations led to the formation of powerful
military alliances.
 Military
agreements among nations.
 Triple
Alliance =
 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
 Triple
Entente =
 Great Britain, France, Russia
 The
Triple Entente was an agreement to
defend each other in the event of a threat
from Germany - a counter to the Triple
Alliance
 Nation’s
attempt to gain control of
weaker nations
 The
countries of Europe were competing
for trade and influence overseas.
• They were becoming increasingly hostile to
each other:
 Extreme
loyalty to a
nation and concern
for its welfare
 Nationalism
can be a uniting force:
• Nationalism is what united Germany into one
nation and Italy into one nation. People of those
nations would be willing to fight in a war to
support their nation.
 Nationalism
can be a dividing force:
• Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman
Empires contained lots of different ethnic and
religious minorities.
 propaganda
-ideas spread
to influence public opinion

 Government
propaganda
had stirred up national
hatreds before the war.
 When
the war began,
propaganda was used to
urge people to defend their
own country.
 Russia
declared war on Austria-Hungary
 Germany
declared war on Russia
 France
declared war on Germany and
Austria-Hungary
 Britain
joined France and Russia
 Europe
was at war!
Governments wanted
to encourage men to
enlist for war.
They said the war
would be safe, hardly
any fighting, an
experience and over by
Christmas.
A picture of soldiers going
‘Over the Top’
They used advertising
posters (propaganda)
to encourage this idea!
The reality of going to war was very different!
= Trench warfare – warfare fought in trenches
(ditches protected by barbed wire)
 The
trenches explained:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvYII
uxh2kY
How the uniform and equipment changed
after just three weeks in the trenches…
No smiling and relaxed faces…
No clean uniforms…
Their equipment is scattered
everywhere…
Boredom and sleep are
obvious…
The soldiers had very
little decent food,
and what food they
had was often
attacked by rats.
These rats were the
size of small rabbits
and badgers because
they had fed on the
decomposing bodies
of dead soldiers.
 What
weapons
were
used?
 Rapid
advancements in weapon
technology meant that by 1918 tanks and
planes were commonplace.
 90%
of soldiers killed were shot by machine
guns
 In 1915 Germany became the first country
to use poison gas in warfare
 Planes were used for the first time
 Tanks allowed troops to leave the trenches
and advance against machine-gun fire
 Long-range cannons caused a great deal of
death and destruction
 Torpedoes were used by submarines
 Total
war = all of the nation’s resources
are used in the war (including people)
 Write
down 3 facts from the video:
 http://www.history.com/topics/world-
war-i/world-war-i-history/videos/techdevelopments-of-world-war-i
1. Who made up
the Central
Powers?
2. Name 2 neutral
nations
3. In what country
was the Western
Front located?
 Up
to 1917, the US opposed war. Woodrow
Wilson was re-elected as President with
the slogan:
“He kept us out of war!”
 But that was all about to change!






Video clips!
US Troops in WWI:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTyJTmxkZcQ
Lusitania:
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/worldwar-i-history/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in1915
Zimmerman Telegram:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29937465
4 REASONS
1.
2.
US inability to remain neutral
United States economic and
political ties to Great Britain
3. German submarine warfare: In 1915
they sank the Lusitania (1000 people
died, 128 were Americans)
4. The Zimmerman Telegram
 Among
the various colonies of the British
empire, India contributed the largest number
of men, with approximately 1.5 million
recruited during the war up to December
1919.
 The dominions (self-governing nations within
the British Commonwealth) – including
Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
and Newfoundland – contributed a further 1.3
million men.

The 1st battalion of the 4th Ghurkha Rifles lined up
for kit inspection, in Flanders, Belgium, 1915.

Cavalry patrol of Moroccan Spahis fighting for the
French army near Furnes, Belgium, 1914
 France
recruited between 1914 and 1918
nearly 500,000 colonial troops,
 Most of these French colonial troops
served in Europe. However, the majority
of the Africans served as labourers or
carriers in Africa.
 Turning
Point - Battle of the Marne:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2o
Y37PcNPQ
 End
of WWI:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soFh
WkxSZAY
 Turkey
signed an armistice at the end of
October, Austria-Hungary followed on
November 3.
 Armistice
 Germany
= agreement to stop fighting (truce)
began to crumble from within:
• November 9 -Kaiser abdicated; slipping
across the border into the Netherlands and
exile.



Official Radio from Paris - 6:01 A.M., Nov. 11,
1918. Marshal Foch to the Commander-in-Chief.
1. Hostilities will be stopped on the entire front
beginning at 11 o'clock, November 11th (French
hour).
2. The Allied troops will not go beyond the line
reached at that hour on that date until further
orders.
[signed]
MARSHAL FOCH
5:45 A.M.
Celebration in Paris
Nov 11, 1918
 8.5
million deaths; 21 million wounded
 vast areas of north-eastern Europe had been
reduced to rubble.
• Flanders in Belgium had been all but destroyed with
the ancient city of Ypres being devastated.
• The homes of 750,000 French people were
destroyed and the infrastructure of this region had
also been severely damaged.
• Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been
destroyed and such a loss greatly hindered the
area's ability to function normally.
 Britain
: 750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000
wounded
France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000
wounded
Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed
Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed
Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed
America : 116,000 soldiers killed
 Germany
: 2,000,000 soldiers killed
Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed
Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed
Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed
 The
victors from World War One were in no
mood to be charitable to the defeated
nations and Germany in particular was held
responsible for the war and its
consequences.
 During
mid-1918, Europe was hit by Spanish
flu and an estimated 25 million people died.
This added to the feeling of bitterness that
ran through Europe and this anger was
primarily directed at Germany.
 After
such a devastating war, the
victorious Western Powers imposed a
series of harsh treaties upon the defeated
nations.
• These treaties stripped the Central Powers of
substantial territories and imposed significant
reparation payments.
• As a direct result of the war, the German, AustroHungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires
ceased to exist.
 Read
the information about the Treaty of
Versailles
 Summarize
the treaty terms
1

2
Describe each of these
political cartoons.
 http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/map
s_outbreak.html