Transcript APUSH Exam Review I

APUSH Exam Review
Session I
(1492-1787)
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Spanish Colonization:
“Golden Age of Spain”
 Reconquista
 Columbus’s voyage
Colonial Motivation (Beyond Gold, Glory, and God)
 Gold: precious metals/mining; land for
Conquistadors & Hidalgos; cash crops like sugar
 Glory: New World opportunity for conquest &
opportunity; Spain = “Super Power” in Europe
 God: Religious zealotry – esp. after Reconquista
*Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) w/Portugal
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Environmental Revolution
 European diseases kills millions
 Europeans introduce invasive species
 New World crops taken to Europe fuel population
growth
Spanish Colonial Model:
 Mission + Presidio System (Catholic Church & Spanish
Govt/military worked together)
 Spain notorious for its forced conversions, slave labor,
and destruction of native cultures
 No tradition of democracy, the Spanish crown to exert
direct control via royal governors & viceroys; the rigid
Spanish caste system is transferred to New World
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Spanish Colonial Model (Continued):
 Unable to totally wipe-out the religious beliefs of the
natives, the Catholic Church had to tolerate the
assimilation of certain native content into the Catholic
faith - examples include the Cult of the Virgin Mary and
the Virgin of Guadalupe.
 In 1680, the Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico
revolted over forced labor and religious conversions.
Under their leader, Popé, the Pueblos remained
independent until his death in 1692. The Pueblo Revolt
was the most successful Native American resistance to
European control.
*In time, the Spanish will develop the northern region
of their New World empire as a buffer-zone against
the English & French.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The French Colonial Model:
 Utilized inland waterways to explore the interior of North
America
 Lucrative commodity = FURS
 No tradition of democracy transplanted in New World
 From the beginning, the French worked closely with the
Native Americans: dependent for furs & out numbered,
learned their language & customs, intermarried
 The French were the first to introduce firearms to Native
Americans (traded for furs), this trade with Natives for
furs ultimately weakens their independence & selfsufficiency.
 The French alliances with Natives was to foreshadow the
future role of Indians in European conflicts in N. America
Session 1 (1492-1787)
English Colonization:
 1496 John Cabot explores & claims extensive lands
for England (King Henry VII)
 Why did England delay until the 1580s before
attempting to establish colonies? (English
Reformation and tensions with Spain)
 English motivation to colonize in the late 16th
century:
 Agricultural Revolution + Enclosure Mvt = growing unemployment
and lack of access to land
 Continuing religious and political persecution following the
Protestant Reformation and the formation of the Church of
England
Session 1 (1492-1787)
English Colonial Models:
 Joint-Stock Trading Companies (shared risk, a business
venture that wanted a return on investment) the two
most famous JST companies were:
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The London Company which founded Jamestown in 1607
The Massachusetts Bay company founded by the Puritans 1630
*Colonists enjoyed a large degree of self-government
in addition to the rights & privileges of English Law
 Proprietary Grants – large grants of land given by the
crown to repay debts; favored by the monarch
because of royal control
 Royal Colonies – Starting with Virginia in 1624, Royal
colonies were preferable to the crown because of the
increased control
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Important to note…
Proprietary & Royal Colonies were made up of
 a governor appointed by the monarch
 a colonial council appointed by the monarch
 a locally elected legislative assembly
English law & tradition guaranteed an Englishman's
right of consent to taxation as a liberty….No
taxation without representation.
*Because they brought their charter with them, the
Puritans exercised more local authority and were
thus more sensitive to royal oversight
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Chesapeake Bay Colonies:
Jamestown (1607)
 Established as a business venture by the London Co.
 Inspired by wealth from Spanish colonies
 Experienced suffering due to: poor planning, lack of
initiative, unhealthy location, hostile Natives
 Colony saved by Capt John Smith’s ruthless
leadership and John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco
 Tobacco becomes the first cash crop
 Shortage of workers will encourage the recruitment
of indentured servants, awarding of Headright
Parcels, and early slavery.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Development of Jamestown (Virginia)
 1619 House of Burgesses
 Labor provided by indentured servants; however, problems
developing that make slavery attractive:
indentured servants compete for land upon successful completion
of terms of service
lands available to indentured servants and poor immigrants is
increasingly inland, encroaching on Indian lands
these back country colonists are increasingly frustrated by the lack
of political representation in the House of Burgesses
Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676
*This Tide Water elite vs. Back Country farmer rivalry will be a
reoccurring issue throughout colonial history.
 First slaves arrive in Jamestown 1619; initially indentured
servants; by 1650 blacks became slaves for life
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Chesapeake Bay Colonies:
Maryland (1634)
 Proprietary colony granted the Calvert Family, the Earls
of Baltimore
 Established as a refuge for English Catholics
 To encourage colonization, the Maryland Acts of
Toleration opened colonization to all Christians
 Regardless of “toleration”, Protestants and Catholics
struggle for control in Maryland
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Mercantilism:
To avoid dependence on other Euro powers for
certain goods and markets, colonial powers
developed mercantilism. This economic
relationship was to be controlled and exclusively
beneficial for the mother country. Colonies were
established and maintained:
 as a source of raw materials
 as a market for European produced goods
To enforce mercantilism in America, the English
enacted the Navigation Acts, which sought to regulate
trade with the colonies.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Chesapeake Bay Colonies:
Important to remember…
 because of the climate, soil, and profitability of cash
crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) dominate the
development of these Southern Colonies
 the wealthy, Tidewater Elite will attempt to recreate
an American “aristocracy”, which will run counter to
the growing democratic demands being made by the
hardscrabble, Backcountry farmers
 The South will remain a largely rural, agriculture
based economy until after the Civil War
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The New England Colonies:
 Puritans = purify the Church of England
 Puritan work ethic = growing wealth (English middle
class)
 Puritan wealth = political power in England at a time
when the Stuarts were attempting to rule as absolute
monarchs and rollback the Protestant Reformation
 Puritan demands for political rights and defense of
Protestantism brought them into conflict with the
Stuarts – many will decide to leave England
 The first to leave were Puritan Separatists who
initially went to Holland in 1610, then America in
1620, where they established Plymouth Plantation
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630):
 A larger, better organized group of Puritans led by
John Winthrop, est. the Mass Bay Colony in 1630.
 Colonists had pooled their money to purchase the
Mass Bay Charter and thus more independence
 Goal = A city on a hill to serve as a model Christian
community
 Unrest in England will push many Puritan
communities to move in-mass to Massachusetts Bay
 In time, the Massachusetts Bay colony will experience
sustained natural population growth and stability,
unlike the early Chesapeake Bay colonies.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Massachusetts Bay Colony:
Important to remember…
• Due to its soil conditions & climate, New England
colonies developed subsistence agriculture, the
products of which were not exported to England.
• The Puritan character + greater independence +
fewer mercantilist ties to England = early dissent
and opposition to English policies.
• In time, colonial economic development in NE
will trend toward commercial endeavors that will
compete with England.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
New England Fosters Democratic Participation:
 Puritans migrated as families and often as entire communities
(family = stabilizing factor)
 Puritans lived in close proximity to each other, this proximity
lent itself to participation in local govt
 Towns and Town Hall Meetings became the centers for local
govt (compare with counties in the Southern Colonies)
 Wealth tended to be better distributed and those that were
wealthy had less collective power than their counterparts in the
Southern Colonies
 Ironically, dissent was not tolerated, all were taxed to support
the Puritan/Congregationalist Church
 Because they lived in close communities, Puritan women were
able to easily meet and support one another; these female
networks allowed women to exercise considerable informal
influence
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Puritan Faith:
 Puritans rejected an established clergy and put heavy
emphasis on education and the direct access to holy
and religious texts as fundamental to their liberty.
 Puritans were thus a highly literate, demanding, and
questioning people.
 Harvard College was est. in 1636 to provide Puritan
ministers.
 Initially, only “Visible Saints” were members of the
Puritan Church.
 By 1650, Saints were on the decline as a growing
number of arrivals in Mass Bay were non-Puritan.
 Half-way Covenant created to maintain control
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Dissent in New England:
Roger Williams
 After arriving in 1631, Williams began to question John
Winthrop’s policies and demand, as a Separatist, that
the colony cut all ties to the Church of England
 He attacked the Mass Bay leadership for favoring a
state religion, which would inevitably further corrupt
the faith
 Fleeing arrest, Williams fled to lands purchased from
neighboring Indians and in time est. Rhode Island
 RI was founded on religious liberty and separation of
church and state
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Dissent in New England:
Anne Hutchinson
 Arrived in Boston in 1631
 Began holding religious meetings in her home where she added
her own interpretations to popular sermons
 She rejected the Covenant of Works (moral life as evidence of
salvation) and advocated a Covenant of Grace (divine action
through direct revelation)
 She also taught that believers were free from the moral law of
the Old Testament.
 Her teachings were seen as undermining the authority of
Puritan ministers and elevating a women as the judge of men
and authorizing sinful behavior.
 She was found guilty and banished from the colony, Hutchinson
and her family fled to Rhode Island where she will later die in
an Indian raid.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
New England Colonies
Chesapeake Bay (Southern) Colonies
LABOR: Average immigrant to NE tended to
be middle class, skilled, and often
prosperous. NE experienced natural pop
growth and a generally stable society.
LABOR: The Majority of arrivals in the
Southern Colonies were poor, unskilled, and
in debt. Many were indentured servants
brought to work cash crops. The mortality
rate was much higher in the South as life
expectancy was 45 vs. 65 in New England.
LAND: NE favored compact settlements to
facilitate education, religion, and defense.
Close proximity (organized around towns)
promoted mutual supervision to codes of
morality that Puritans attempted to live by.
LAND: Land was generally granted in larger
tracts, which made for a dispersed colony.
Govt organization was at the county level,
which made it difficult to sustain education,
churches, and organized defense.
ECONOMY: Agriculture was subsistence.
Commercial fishing became an early industry
and by the early 1700s – whaling. Early
emphasis on sea faring made NE a ship
building region. A merchant marine
developed that would in time trade widely.
The first manufacturing was of rum distilled
from West Indian molasses.
ECONOMY: The southern economy was
dominated by agriculture – esp. the growing
demand for cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo,
lumber). The economic relationship
between these colonies and England fulfilled
the requirements of mercantilism The
constant demands for a larger labor force
will make slavery increasingly attractive
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Middle Colonies:
New York
 founded on the islands at the mouth of the Hudson River
 initially founded by the Dutch, New Amsterdam was seized by the English in
1664, changing the name to New York
 characterized by a diversity of economic activity rather than uniformity;
known for its toleration
Pennsylvania
 est. as a proprietary grant awarded to William Penn
 Pennsylvania = refuge for members of the Society of Friends or Quakers;
religious toleration to est. early on
 Penn personally planned the capital, Philadelphia
 Home to good soil & moderate climate, agriculture was diversified – esp.
grains
 In time, the eastern most counties will be organized into the colony of New
Jersey.
 The mid-Atlantic colonies will attract a growing number of skilled artisans
from the German states contributing to the region’s tolerance. These and
others will help to make the region economically & socially diverse.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Atlantic Trade and Tensions with the British:
 Colonialism was based on the economic system
of mercantilism.
 Colonies were to supply raw materials and
consume the mother country’s manufactured
goods; and never to compete with it.
 However, long distances, royal neglect, bribes &
smuggling permitted the colonists to do much as
they pleased.
 In practice, mercantilism failed 3,000 miles from
Britain as the capitalist minded Americans sought
the highest prices for their goods & services.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Influence of the Enlightenment:
 The Scientific Revolution preceded the Enlightenment; with its new
emphasis on the scientific method, which spawned debates over reason
vs. faith.
 Applied to human relations it dictated that society could be
continuously improved by way of human reason, NOT faith/religion.
 John Locke – All men had the Natural Rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and
PROPERTY; that to secure these rights people submit to govts. The only
role of govt was to protect these rights and when they failed to the
people had the right to change their govt.
 The Enlightenment fit well with the American Experience, which had
put aside the traditional roles of priest, peasant, and noble. Much of
the American experience had been with observation, experiment, and
the need to think anew.
 The Enlightenment was especially harmful to the old, established
religions.
 Many founding fathers were influenced by an Enlightenment
phenomena known as Deism.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Great Awakening:
 Religious revival movement that sought to appeal to a person’s
heart/emotion rather than their head/intellect …religion had
become too intellectual – especially for the average person.
 The two most well known evangelical preachers were George
Whitefield & Jonathan Edwards.
 Utilized new methods of preaching, often depicting God as angry
(fire & brimstone).
 Impact of the Great Awakening in America:
Simplified religion and the conversion process
Ministers lost some of their authority
Some older denominations experienced divisions and
newer evangelical sects formed (the Methodists, Baptists,
and Presbyterians)
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Political Impact of the Great Awakening :
The emphasis to individual conversion and grace,
the Great Awakening contributed to the
democratizing trend of questioning traditional
authority and institutions.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Changes in Colonial Government & Imperial Policy:
 In 1685, James II became king and began to consolidate his power
and reduce that of Parliament. In an effort to raise revenue w/o
Parliamentary involvement, James turned to the colonies for funds.
(increased duties on sugar & tobacco, the sale of appointments)
 Established the Dominion of New England, which included NE, NY,
and NJ. The goals of this political reorganization were to:
 force the region to be more obedient
 eliminate the colonial assemblies
 appoint a governor-general, Sir Edmond Andros, who would exercise virtually
all political power (he also restricted New England town meetings)
 raise taxes w/o consent of the colonial legislatures, to ensure payment he
increased the number of royal troops
 vigorously enforced the Navigation Acts and established a new Vice-Admiralty
Court in Boston to hear violations w/o juries
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Glorious Revolution in England (1688)
 James II’s efforts to est. an absolute monarchy and appoint
Catholics to royal positions was tolerated because of his advanced
age and health. This changed when he fathered a male heir.
 Anglican Church leaders and some of the English nobility
approached the king’s Protestant daughter, Mary, wife of William
of Orange, Protestant champion on the continent.
 They were offered the crown if they would consent to the English
Bill of Rights, which limited the crown’s power and permanently
established Parliamentary supremacy in England. Other
guarantees in the Bill of Rights include: trail by jury, prohibition of
cruel & unusual punishment, the right to petition the govt, and
the right to bear arms for personal defense.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Glorious Revolution in the American Colonies:
 Puritan dissidents to advantage of the confusion and seized control
of the colonies with the hope of favorable terms from the new
monarchs.
 In New York, Jacob Leisler assumed the title/duties of governor,
and soon became mired in NY politics – esp. between the Dutch
and English colonists. He was later captured and executed for
treason.
 William of Orange, now King William III, wanted to consolidate his
control over the colonies as he was planning a war against France.
To accomplish this he compromised with NE by:
 giving the assemblies control of colonial taxation and expenditures
 ending quitrents and land claim abuses
 allowing for Plymouth to be absorbed into Massachusetts
*New England was encouraged to accept the compromise as French & Indian
raids were increasing along the frontier.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Economic Impact of Empire:
 The growing British military & bureaucracy was dependent upon
custom & excise taxes on commerce.
 Maritime commerce and colonial production were becoming the
lifeblood of the empire, which could not afford any interruption.
 Colonies were becoming increasingly important and garnering
more attention. Colonists might have protested taxes and duties in
the Navigation Acts, but generally saw them as acceptable.
 Colonists were encouraged to trade for and funnel hard currency
back to Britain.
 Commercial rivalry and military threat from France worked to unite
the British Empire.
 The Seven Years War/French & Indian War (1754-63) was the
fourth and final imperial war for control of North America.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The French & Indian War:
Causes:
 French & British designs on the Ohio Valley
 American inroads into the French fur trade
 French construction of forts in the Ohio Valley
 Colonial reaction to these forts – Gov. of Virginia orders G.
Washington to evict French
Major Events:
 British General Braddock is defeated along with a series of early
French victories
 The Albany Plan of Union (1st attempt at an intercolonial govt)
 French & Indians raid along the frontier
 The British Navy cuts off all supplies & reinforcements
 Battle of Quebec, a British victory, ends the conflict.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Impact of the French & Indian War:
 While the British victory ended the French threat in North America, it
came at a price – the F&I War was the most expensive to date.
 The British Empire now stretched from North America to the Caribbean
to India; and it needed to be administered and protected – both of which
cost money.
*This new imperial reality created an acute need to raise revenue.
Impact in the F&I War in America:
 French defeat opened new lands west of the Appalachians to American
colonists
 The British ended many of its subsidies to Native American allies
 An Indian uprising known as Pontiac’s Rebellion motivates the English to
resume “gifts” to the Natives and issue the Proclamation of 1763 to stop
westward movement and reduce tensions (and costs)
 Without an enemy to unite them and given the new burdens of empire,
which were increasingly passed on to the colonists, tensions quickly
escalated between Britain and the American colonies.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The British Empire Reorganizes:
 After nearly a century of war, Britain was now the master of a new
empire and a staggering debt.
 In 1765, a new British PM, George Greenville, sought to
reinvigorate the mercantilist system and end benign/salutary
neglect.
 During the colonial wars the British people had been taxes heavily,
now the financial burden of empire was to be passed largely to the
American colonials.
 Greenville imposed new trade restrictions that sought to enforce
the Navigation Acts. (Royal Navy ships + writs of assistance + vice
admiralty courts)
 The Sugar Act (1764), the Currency Act (1764), the Quartering Act
(1765) all of which sought to close loop-holes in the mercantilist
system and either raise or save revenue.
 The Stamp Act (1765)
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Reaction to the Stamp Act:
 Internal (Direct) Taxation to raise revenue vs. External (Indirect)
Taxation to regulate trade
 In the mind of many Americans, an act designed to generate
revenue could only be passed by the colonial legislature(s). The
colonists appealed to the king to protect their rights – esp. the
right of NO TAXATION w/o REPRESENTATION!
 The Stamp Act Congress met in NY to declare that only locally
elected colonial representatives had the authority to directly tax
the colonists.
 Organized boycotts and nonimportation agreements on English
goods put enormous economic pressure on British merchants, who
in turn put pressure on Parliament to drop the Stamp Act.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Important Events to remember on the road to Revolution:
 The Townshend Duties (1767)
 The Boston Massacre (1770)
 The Tea Act (1773)
 The Boston Tea Party (1773)
 The Coercive / Intolerable Acts (1774), which were directed at
punishing (make a royal example of) the people of Boston and
Massachusetts.
 Gen. Thomas Gage becomes the military governor
 Acts include: The Port Bill (closing Port of Boston), The Mass Got Act
(severely restricted democracy in Mass), Admin of Justice Act (all accused
will be tried in England), and the Quartering Act.
 British troops are reinforced in Boston
 The Quebec Act (1774)
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The First Continental Congress (1774)
 Convened in Philadelphia, Sept 1774
 No discussion of independence, but of a colonial wide, united
response to Britsh threats to their rights and liberties
 A Declaration of Rights and Grievances was backed to petition the
king to address colonial grievances since 1765
 Passed the militant Suffolk Resolves, which rejected the Intolerable
Acts and urged colonies to make military preparations
 A Continental Association was created to improve communications
and enforce boycotts
 If circumstances warranted it, the delegates agreed to meet the
following year
*King George III angrily dismissed the petitions from the Continental
Congress and declared Massachusetts in open rebellion.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
The Revolutionary War (1775-1783):
 In an aggressive effort to get tough, Gen Gage in Boston orders a
detachment to seize suspected munitions and rebels at Lexington.
The resulting military action at Lexington & Concord will be 1st
shots of the Revolutionary War. The British are besieged in Boston.
The Second Continental Congress (1775)
 Sentiment is mixed over independence
 CC adopts a Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking
Up Arms – G. Washington appointed C-in-C of new Continental
Army and dispatched to Boston.
 CC voted to send an Olive Branch Petition to the king, whose
response was to order 25,000 troops to America.
 At this point, many Americans are still reluctant to declare
independence.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Factors motivating a declaration of independence:
 The British recruitment and deployment of Hessian Mercenaries
 British Indian Agents were inciting their Indian allies to raid
settlements along the frontier
 Virginia’s Royal Gov. Lord Dunmore offered slaves their freedom in
return for service in the British Army during the rebellion
 Common Sense was published by Thomas Paine
 June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee moved that the colonies were
“and right ought be, free and independent states.”
 A committee of Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston,
and Thomas Jefferson were tasked with drafting a declaration of
independence.
 Seeking to provide a philosophical rationale and political
justification for independence, Jefferson turned to ideas that were
conventional wisdom of the day. He sought consensus, not
originality and drew upon the ideas of Locke, Trenchard &Gordon.
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Challenges facing the Americans:
How to finance the war?
 Colonial currency (called Continentals) were printed in mass leading the
rapid depreciation and inflation
 Due to the nature of a confederacy, intercolonial funds were difficult to raise
by the CC
 Roger Sherman skillfully managed the finances through the Bank of North
America
 Most important source of revenue was foreign loans from France, Holland,
and Spain
Military Challenges
 Washington was largely dependant on state militias, which were of
questionable ability and often retained in their home states
 The threat of loyalist action tied down many troops
 Political jealousy and ambition plagued GW and the Continental Army
Session 1 (1492-1787)
Highlights from the Revolutionary War:
1775
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Lexington & Concord
Battle of Bunker Hill
Colonial forces take Ft Ticonderoga, seized artillery transferred to Boston
Failed American invasion of Quebec
1776
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British evacuate Boston
French secretly begin to financially support the war
Washington forced to retreat from New York
Battles of Trenton & Princeton are small but highly symbolic
1777
 British move south to occupy Philadelphia
 Battle of Saratoga serves as the turning point of the war
 Washington winters at Valley Forge outside Philadelphia
Session 1 (1492-1787)
1778
 As a result of the victory at Saratoga, the French agree to a
Treaty of Alliance, which is ultimately necessary for victory
 The British withdraw to New York
 Now at war with the French, the British look to the Loyalists to
augment their forces in the South where loyalist sentiment is
strongest. (Southern Strategy)
1779
 British forces land in South Carolina
1780
 American forces surrender Charleston
 While the British scored some early victories, the Loyalist support didn’t
materialize largely in response to the atrocities committed by the British
 Benedict Arnold’s treason is discovered at West Point, NY
Session 1 (1492-1787)
1781
American commanders in the South force British General
Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown, Virginia
Washington and a French Army descend from NY to
besiege Yorktown
October 17, 1781, Cornwallis surrenders
Peace Negotiations (1781-83)
 Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent the Americans
 The Peace of Paris (1783) included:
 British recognized the independence of the US
 The US territory was to extend from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from
Canada to Spanish Florida
 US fishing rights off the coast of Canada
 The US would work to arbitrate the collection of debts and lost Loyalist property
*On December 4, 1783, the last British soldier left NY. Washington resigned his
commission nine days later and returned to Mt. Vernon.