Transcript Achievements - cloudfront.net

Overview
In the 1500s and 1600s,
several rulers in Asia and
Europe sough to centralize their
political power. Claiming divine
right, or authority from God,
leaders such as Philip II in
Spain and Louis XIV in France
gained complete authority over
their governments and their
subjects.
England resisted the establishment of absolutism. After a
civil war, England’s Parliament enacted a Bill of Rights that
limited the English monarch’s powers.
Overview
Main Ideas:
• Monarchs acted to establish
absolute power
• Monarchs used the divine
right theory and similar ideas to
justify their power
• Parliament and the Puritans
in England resisted absolutism
• A limited monarchy was
established in England
Absolutism
Absolutism: Belief that monarchs
hold supreme power, and are
responsible only to God.
• King has all power
• People have no power
Divine Right Theory: Idea that a
king gets his authority to rule
directly from God.
• Kings gain power &
centralized governments
lose power
ABSOLUTISM
IN SPAIN
In the 1500s Spain was the
most powerful nation in Europe.
Charles V- Spain- HRE
1519-1556
Philip II
1556-1598
Charles V
Achievements: Ruled over Spain,
Austria and the Netherlands as Holy
Roman Emperor.
Downfalls: Large, diverse empire=
many threats: Turks, French, and
German Protestant princes.
Exhausted, he gave up his titles and
divided his empire in 1556.
Ferdinand (brother) became HRE
Philip II (son) ruled Spain, the
Netherlands, and the vast Spanish
overseas empire.
Phillip II
Achievements: Ushered in the
Golden Age of Spain – the most
powerful nation.
Helped the Catholic Church
persecute Protestants during the
Counter-Reformation.
Downfalls: Spanish Armada
defeated by England
After Philip II Spanish power slowly
declined as rulers taxed people too
much and spent money on
overseas wars.
ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE
By the late 1600s, France had replaced
Spain as the most powerful European
nation.
Louis XIV
Country: France
Years: 1643 – 1715 (72 years!)
Achievements: Called himself the
“Sun King” and said “I am the state.”
Strengthened the monarchy,
expanded bureaucracy, built palace
of Versailles, strongest army in
Europe, made France a wealthy
cultural center.
Downfalls: He used the wealth for
his own benefit, peasants starved,
numerous wars, never called
Estates General. The French
monarchy would not survive long
after Louis’ death.
Statue of Louis XIV
ABSOLUTISM
IN AUSTRIA
Maria Theresa
Country: Austria
Years: 1740 - 1780
Achievements: Reclaimed
Austrian lands, strengthened and
unified Austrian monarchy, first
woman to rule Hapsburg lands,
enlightened despot.
Downfalls: War of Austrian
succession led to the loss of
Silesia, spent much time defending
her right to rule.
Absolutism in Central Europe
• In the German states, the princes were
suspicious of each other
• Based on religion
– 1608- Protestant Union
– 1609- Catholic League
• Protestants in Bohemia protested the closing
of some churches
The Hapsburgs
• Rulers of the Czech region of Bohemia
• Ferdinand II was Catholic & foreign
• He was not trusted by the people & the
German princes saw an opportunity to rebel.
• This begins the Thirty Years War- religion,
territory & power
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
• First 12 years saw Ferdinand’s forces
victorious
• 1630- battles turn, France under Cardinals
Richelieu and Mazarin turn France against
the Catholic Hapsburgs
– Want France to be the most powerful, so take
down rivals, even if they have to help
Protestants
Peace of Westphalia
• Ends the war
• War left Germany devastated, long period
of recovery
• Terms of Treaty
–
–
–
–
–
Spain and Austria weakened
France gets German territory
German princes independent of HRE
End of religious wars in Europe
New method of peace negotiations established
The most important result
• Beginning of the modern state in Europe
– Ended the idea of a Catholic empire
– Europe seen as a group of equal independent
states
• The Central European states would grow
slowly- since they still had the system of
serfdom which slowed the growth of cities
The development of Austria
• Ruled by the Hapsburgs
• Part of a larger empire- Austria, Hungary &
Bohemia
• Charles VI made sure that his daughter,
Maria Theresa, would be recognized as
head of the empire.
– Maria Theresa would be the mother of Marie
Antoinette
Maria Theresa
• Decreased the power of the nobles
• Limited the amount of labor that the
peasants could be forced to do.
ABSOLUTISM
IN PRUSSIA
Frederick the Great
Country: Prussia
Years: 1740 - 1786
Achievements: Seized
Austrian lands, disciplined,
strong army, enlightened
despot.
Downfalls: Badly treated
and fled the country.
The Rise of Prussia
• Ruled by the Hohenzollerns
• Started with Frederick William- called the
Great Elector
–
–
–
–
Believed that military strength was vital
Moved towards absolute monarchy
Created standing army of 80,000
Paid for by taxes
• Frederick William opposed by JunkersPrussia’s landowning nobility.
– He made them officers in the army
Frederick the Great
• Son of Frederick William
• Continued military growth
– Aim to extend territories
•
•
•
•
Encouraged religious toleration
A ruler should be like a father to the people
Will send armies into Austria to get Silesia
Started War of Austrian Succession
War of Austrian Succession
• Pitted Austria, Hungary and Great Britain
against Prussia and France
• Austria would lose Silesia
• Maria Theresa proved to be a strong ruler
• Prussia becomes a major power
The Seven Years War
•
•
•
•
Austria, France & Russia were allies
Prussia and Britain were allies
Prussia attacks an Austrian ally (Saxony)
Starts a world war, even involving the North
American colonies
ABSOLUTISM IN RUSSIA
The driving force behind Russia’s rise
to power was Ivan III (Ivan the Great).
He built the framework for absolute
rule in Russia, which would only get
worse.
Ivan the Terrible
Country: Russia
Years: 1533 - 1584
Achievements: Introduced
extreme absolute power,
expanded Russian lands, made
Russia more religious.
Downfalls: Set up the first
Russian secret police, the
Oprichniki, who murdered
thousands for him. He killed
many nobles (boyars) and
destroyed many towns, and
even killed his own son in a fit
of rage.
Ivan IV becomes Czar
• At 16 he took the title Czar (Caesar)
• Married Anastasia (of the Romanov family)
• From 1547-1560 he adds land to Russia,
creates a law code and rules justly
• After his wife dies in 1560 he turns on
boyars (thinks they poisoned wife)
• Campaign of revenge- secret police
The Time of Troubles
• Since Ivan had killed his heir, he had only
one weak son left.
• Incapable of ruling effectively and dies
without an heir
• A power struggle ensued
• 1613- the Romanovs are chosen to rule
• The family would rule for 300 years
Peter the Great
Country: Russia
Years: 1682 – 1725 (born 1672)
Ruled with Ivan V- sick brother
Achievements: Westernization,
St. Petersburg, modern army,
new industries, education,
warm water port (Baltic Sea),
extended borders, unified the
nation, reduced power of
nobility, gained control of
Russian Orthodox Church.
Downfalls: Did not reach Black
Sea, reforms died with him.
Russia’s woes
• Virtually cut off from most of the world- no
real major year-round seaport
• Russia still using serfs- essentially slaves
• Most of Europe had ended the practice
• Russia Eastern Orthodox- looked to
Constantinople
Peter visits Western Europe
•
•
•
•
•
1697- the Grand Embassy
Travelled incognito
Learned about customs and manufacturing
Wanted to modernize Russia
Will have to become an absolute ruler to
bring change
Peter’s Reforms
• Standing army- 200,000- trained by
European officers
• Started a newspaper- their first
• Imposed a standard of western dress for the
nobles
• Increased educational opportunities
• Brought potatoes- staple of the diet
ABSOLUTISM
IN ENGLAND
While other nations
turned to absolutism in
the 1500s and 1600s,
England’s Parliament
resisted the throne.
James I
Country: England/ Scotland
Years: 1603 - 1625
Achievements: Translated the
Bible, the famous King James
version.
Downfalls: Had difficulties with
Parliament – he needed money
for his wars and extravagant
lifestyle. He eventually
dissolved Parliament and
imposed his own taxes. Fought
with the Puritans, who were
seeking to purify the Church of
England.
Charles I
Country: England
Years: 1625 -1649
Achievements: Strong army,
seized nations.
Downfalls: He put his enemies in
prison without trials, high taxes,
angered Puritans, he dissolved
Parliament (when they would not
fund his wars with Spain and
France, and had to call them
back because he needed the
money. This led to the English
Civil War. He was put on trial and
beheaded by Parliament in 1649.
Petition of Right 1628
• Charles was forced to sign to get money
• 4 points
–
–
–
–
No imprisonment without due cause
No taxes without Parliament’s consent
No quartering in private homes
No martial law in peacetime
• Charles would ignore- but still important
English Civil War 1642-1649
• Started after he tried to get the Scots to
become Anglicans- they rebelled
• Called Parliament to get $$$$
• Tried to arrest Parliament for limiting his
power
• 2 sides- Cavaliers and Roundheads
• Roundheads behind Cromwell- New Model
Army
Rule of Cromwell
• 1649- execution of Charles I- unheard of
• Now a commonwealth
– Republican
– But he would become a military dictator
• Crushes Irish rebellion
• Imposes Puritan morality on England
Oliver
Cromwell
Cromwell was the skilled military
commander who won the civil
war and captured Charles I.
Charles I was the first king ever
to be tried and executed by his
own subjects. This event
shocked other European
monarchies and signified that
absolutism would not be
tolerated in England.
Charles II
Country: England
Years: 1660 - 1685
Achievements: Was asked
to take the throne after
several years of Puritan rule
(Restoration). He reopened
theatres, dancing, and music.
Downfalls: Obeyed
Parliament, limited
monarchy, limited power.
Limited Monarchy - a
government in which a
legislative body limits the
monarch’s powers.
James II
Country: England
Years: 1685 - 1688
Achievements: reinstated absolutist
policies.
Downfalls: Parliament feared a
return to Catholic dominance and
asked James’ daughter and son-inlaw, William and Mary, to take the
throne. When they arrived from
France James II fled, completing a
bloodless transfer of power, known
as the Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary_________
English Bill of Rights – a set of acts passed by
Parliament to ensure its superiority over the monarchy. It
stated:
 King must work with Parliament
 House of Commons has financial control
 Abolished excessive fines and cruel and unusual
punishment
 Affirmed habeas corpus – no person could be
held in jail without first being charged with a crime.
Toleration Act of 1689 – Granted Protestant
dissenters, such as Puritans and Quakers, limited
toleration (not for Catholics though).
Summary
Through the 1500s and 1600s absolutism became dominant
through much of Europe and parts of Asia. In Spain, France,
and Russia, absolutist monarchs claimed that they ruled by
divine right and sought to extend their political power. While
other nations accepted absolutism, England stood as a
contrast to this trend. After the Puritan Revolution and the
Glorious Revolution of the mid-1600s, the English Bill of
Rights was passed establishing England as a limited
monarchy.