Transcript Motives for Imperialism

WARM-UP
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
Chapter 9 (Standards 10.4.1 / 10.4.2)
Red-coated British soldiers stand at attention
around a royal pavilion in Delhi Durbar, India during
a ceremony where Britain’s Queen Victoria took
the title of Empress on India in 1876. Painted by
Alexander Caddy in 1877.
1815-1914
Imperialism =
The policy of a
powerful nation
dominating the
politics, economy,
and society of
another nation.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
•
In the mid-1800s, Britain was the most
powerful nation in the world.
It’s factories produced more good than those of any
other country.
• The British Navy guarded the oceans so that those
goods could be shipped safely to ports around the
globe.
• British banks loaned the money needed to build
factories, mines, and railroads worldwide.
•
The transept from the Grand Entrance of the Crystal Palace, Souvenir of the Great Exhibition, William Simpson (lithographer),
Ackermann & Co. (publisher), 1851.
In the late 19th century, the relationship between imperialism, commerce, and consumerism begin to
be celebrated in “spectacles of Empire,” in which technological advancements and industrial growth were
put on display in great exhibitions meant to communicate the “greatness” of Empire. The idea behind such
exhibitions is that anyone—but really middle-class families— could buy tickets and “enjoy” the Empire on
the weekend.
One of the most famous exhibitions of the 19th century was the Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All
Nations, held in London in 1851, otherwise known as the Crystal Palace exhibition. A monument of modern
iron and glass architecture, the exhibition housed and displayed an abundance of goods from British
colonies and other nations.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
•
By the late 1800s,
however,
Germany and
the United States
were challenging
Britain’s
economic
leadership.
•
Faced with
possible decline,
Britain looked
increasingly to its
colonies for
markets and
resources.
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
•
Other countries followed Britain’s lead and
came to see colonies as necessary for their
economic well-being.
The French and Dutch expanded their holdings and by
1900 France had an empire second in size only to Britain’s.
• Spain and Portugal attempted to build new empires in
Africa.
• Austria-Hungary moved into the Balkans.
• Russia expanded into the Caucasus, Central Asia, and
Siberia.
•
•
Countries that had no colonies set out to
acquire them.
•
Belgium, Italy, and Germany all took over lands in Africa
(with Germany also taking an interest in East Asia & the
Pacific islands).
CHALLENGING BRITAIN’S LEAD
•
Two non-European countries, the United
States and Japan, also became involved in
overseas expansion during this period.
•
•
Both the U.S. and Japan were interested in East Asia.
The U.S. was also deeply tied to Latin America.
•
Increasingly, Europeans viewed an empire as
a measure of national stature or relative
power.
•
Thus, the race for colonies grew out of a
strong sense of national pride as well as from
economic competition.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
1.
Industrialization
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Raw materials were needed to produce goods
Colonies provided new markets for goods
New forms of transportation made colonization
possible
New technology made more effective weapons
that were necessary to seize foreign lands
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
(continued)
•
Following the Industrial Revolution, Europeans
regarded their new technology (weaponry,
telegraphs, railroads etc.) as proof they were
better than other peoples.
•
Europeans believed that they had the right
and duty to bring the results of their progress
to other countries.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
2.
Nationalism
•
To gain power, European nations competed for
colonies, particularly in areas that permitted
control of trade routes.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
3.
Economic Competition
•
•
Industrial demand for natural resources and new
markets spurs a search for colonies.
Europeans controlled trade in the colonies and set
up local economies that were dependent on the
Europeans.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
3.
Racism
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
4.
Missionary Impulse
•
Missionaries and many Christian leaders in Europe
believed they would do good by spreading their
Christian teachings throughout the globe.
•
One of the most famous of these missionaries was
David Livingstone, a minister from Scotland who
went to Africa to preach the Gospel and helped to
end the slave trade there.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
5.
Social Darwinism
European leaders justified their imperialism by
applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory.
• Social Darwinists believe that wealthy, technology,
success, and strength make some groups superior to
others.
• A prevailing belief in the late 1800s holds that
Europeans are a superior race, and have a right to
claim lands inhabited by non-European people.
•
MOD CIV WARM UP 11-19
•
Answer the following questions in your journal:
•
1) What is the “white man’s
burden” according to this cartoon?
•
2) What lies at the top of the hill?
•
3) Why do you think it was
convenient to publish these types of
political cartoons in countries
engaged in imperialism?
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
•
In the late 1800s, Europeans and Americans
were eager to read about adventures in
distant places.
•
Newspapers competed for readership by
hiring reporters to search the globe for stories.
•
One of the most famous reporters of the day was
Henry Stanley.
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
Stanley was hired in 1871 to find David Livingstone who
had traveled deep into the heart of Africa and hadn’t
been heard from in some years.
• Ten months later, Stanley caught up with Livingstone and
his account of their meeting made headlines around the
world. Stanley became an instant celebrity.
•
IMPERIALISM HAD MASS APPEAL
•
Novels and poetry also glorified Imperialism .
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The most popular writer of the day was Joseph
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936).
Kipling appealed not only to his readers’ sense of
adventure but also the their feelings of superiority.
He saw imperialism as a mission to “civilize nonEuropeans” and urged his readers to:
“Take up the White Man’s burden –
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another’s profit,
And work another’s gain.”
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
•
Europeans of the late 1800s and early 1900s
used their wealth and advantage to conquer
foreign lands and influence the economies,
politics, and social lives of the colonized.
•
In answering the call of imperialism, Europeans
altered the way of life on every continent.
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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Great Britain colonized more land than any
other nation, controlling parts of Europe, Asia,
Africa, North America, and South America,
and all of Australia.
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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Africa
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Great Britain, France,
Germany, Italy,
Belgium, Spain, Portugal
Positive Effects:
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Education, new crops,
new religions
Negative Effects:
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Enslavement, loss of raw
materials to Europe
Video Clip - The Scramble
for Africa
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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Asia
•
Great Britain, France,
Germany, Japan, The
Netherlands, The United
States
THE OPIUM WARS
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After successfully forming an Indian colony, Britain wanted to
colonize China next. During that era, Europeans loved Chinese
teas, silk, and ceramics, and Britain was no exception to these
wants. Britain wanted to trade manufactured goods for luxury
items from China, but the British industrial products were of no
interest to the Chinese. Rather, China wanted to be paid in
money.
•
Britain soon found a solution to the commerce dispute: India, a
British colony, had a large amount of arable land. The land
allowed for vast cultivation of indigo, cotton, and more
importantly, opium. The British traded the Indian opium for
Chinese luxury items. As the Chinese population grew
dependent on the drug, Britain was able to gain more of the
high-demand Chinese goods.
When opium was banned, demand grew. In order to get
Chinese goods, the British East India Trading Company flooded
the Chinese market with cheap Indian-produced opium. By the
nineteenth century, opium weakened the Chinese society
through constant reliance on the drug.
•
Video Clip - The Opium Wars
THE OPIUM WARS
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Video Clip - The Opium Wars
LOCATIONS OF COLONIAL RULE
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South America
Great Britain, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Portugal
In 1800, South America was controlled mainly by the
Spanish and the Portuguese. Most of that continent
achieved independence by 1830.
• In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine
which stated that any attempt by a European power
to reestablish control over a rebellious colony in South
America would be viewed as a threat to the United
States. While the Monroe Doctrine may have seemed
to protect the young nations being created in South
America in the 1800s, it also set a precedent for U.S.
interference in the region.
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(a) What countries challenged Britain’s economic
leadership? (b) How was the search for colonies a
response to Britain’s declining share in world trade?
What part did each of the following play in
imperialism? (a) markets (b) raw materials (c) national
pride
What attitude did people in industrialized countries
have toward other peoples?
(a) What part did missionaries play in imperialism? (b)
How did newspapers and writers encourage
imperialism?
Reread the lines from Kipling’s poem on pg. 571 in your
book. (a) What did he mean by “the White Man’s
Burden”? (b) What was the exile of which he spoke?
(c) What does the word captives indicate?
NOTECARDS
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1. The agricultural revolution mean the
nation’s food could be produced with fewer
workers.
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2. Effects of Europe’s Agricultural Revolution
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A) More available labor, new machines
invented, higher food supply
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3) Instead of goods made by hand using the
putting out system (cottage industry), a
defining feature of the IR was that most goods
were produced by workers in factories.
10.3.1 (CONT.)
4) Geographic Advantages of England
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A) Natural harbors, vast supply of coal + iron,
canals, stable government, inventors lived
there
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5) What is the “Black Country”? Area
polluted by industrial pollution in England
•
6) What powered factories in 18th century
England? Steam Power + coal
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7) What impact did the steam engine have
on the growth of industry? Accelerated
Trade, efficient source of industrial power.
10.3.2
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8) James Watt – Improved the steam engine
so it could be used for transportation (made it
smaller and more powerful)
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9) Effects of germ theory – Prolonged life,
people practiced better sanitation, further
medical advancements
•
10) Pasteurization – improved water and milk
quality decreasing sickness
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11) Effects of railroads – Linked commercial
centers expanded trade
10.3.2 (CONT)
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12) How did the pace of life increase as a
result of the Industrial Revolution?
Communication improved – messages could
get around the world in seconds (telegraph),
transportation speeds increased, life was
faster
•
13) Which social class would have believed a
woman’s place was in the home? Middle
class
STANDARD 10.3.3 – POPULATION SHIFTS
DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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The main reason for population growth in the 18thcentury. Increased food production
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Urbanization People moved to cities from farms in
search of jobs and opportunity
•
Why did people move to cities? To work in
factories
•
Why was it so easy for disease to spread in cities?
Poor sanitation, tenements, poor livng conditions
•
What improved as a result of the discovery that
germs cause disease? Sanitation, quality of life,
length of life
•
Standard 10.3.4 – The Evolution of Work and Labor
•
Instead of agriculture, the vast majority of workers were now
employed in _____cities___________ and _factories________.
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Labor conditions in the IR –limited or no labor laws, child labor,
many accidents, workers expendable
•
In the 19th-century, millions of immigrants move from
_____Europe_________ and _____Asia_________ to North America
for new economic opportunities.
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The Factory Act of 1819 – Regulated factories, children’s working
conditions – largely ignored
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Did social classes become more or less divided by the IR? More
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Why did labor unions develop in the 19th-century? To improve
working conditions in factories
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Collective bargaining – Negotiating with an employer as a group
or union
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Strike – When all members of a group or union agree to stop
working somewhere
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Standard 10.3.5 – Components of an Industrial
Economy
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The role of entrepreneurs in an industrial economy
– innovate and improve products, generate profits,
employ the workforce
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In order to be successful, entrepreneurs needed
money. How did they get it? Small business loans
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The connection between trade and
entrepreneurs/industrial growth – More trade =
more profit
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Define the three necessary resources for industrial
production (factors of production) land, labor,
capital
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Most businesses invested money
___solely_______________ to increase production
rather than being concerned about working
conditions.
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The ultimate goal of industrial production – create
profits for the owners
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Standard 10.3.6 – Responses to Capitalism
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Capitalism – economic system based on free
trade and private property
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In which movement did socialists make significant
gains – Social Democracy
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Relationship between work and property in a
utopian community – utilitarian – greatest good for
the greatest number of people
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Karl Marx is most closely associated with
__socialism and communism________________
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Social democracy blends the ideas of what other
two economic systems? Capitalism and socialism
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What role does government play in a social
democracy? Provider for the people of a free
society
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What is the dominant economic system in many
European nations today? Social democracy
STANDARD 10.3.7
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Characteristics of classicism – focused on reason, logic, straight
lines, realistic
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Characteristics of romanticism – sentimental, longing for the past,
glorifying nature
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The Romantic Movement was a reaction to the
__Enlightenment___________________.
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How did Romantics view the past? – on whole a better time to be
alive
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How was Romanticism as response to industrialization? –
Industrialization polluted environment separated people from
land
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Social criticism – Charles Dickens criticized the industrial
revolution in his fictional writing
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Why was Darwin’s theory of natural selection controversial? - It
challenged the church and existing governments
STANDARD 10.4.1
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Imperialism – domination of a smaller country by a larger one
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How were imperialism and industrialization connected? Imperialism
provided raw materials, labor, to drive industrialization
•
How was imperialism related to geography? Countries with high value
natural resources were very desirable
•
In the 1800s, colonies were seen as a sign of a country’s
___strength_______________ compared to other countries.
•
Stronger nations wanted to control distant lands and
__colonize____________ in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 1800s.
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What did missionaries hope to gain through imperialism? – spreading their
religion, “civilizing” native peoples
•
Social Darwinism – how did it justify imperialism? Said the strongest were
naturally the ones who would rule, just as in nature.
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Why were the British able to conquer India’s vast territory? By dividing and
conquering
10.4.2
•
What two European nations colonized most of South America? – Spain
and Portugual
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What two European nations colonized most of Africa? – Britain and France
•
Which European countries did not have any colonies in Africa? - Russia
and Austria ?
•
Which European nation had the most colonies? Britain
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Berlin Conference – Conference that divided Africa by Europeans to
prevent war between them
•
Which continent is the Philippines a part of? - Asia
•
Why did the United States acquire the Philippines in 1898? – to “protect” it
from Spain
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Why was the Suez Canal the “Lifeline of the British Empire”? Direct route to
Asia for trade
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The Hundred Days of Reform – Chinese attempt at reform under Qing
dynasty, led to coup of government (failed)
STANDARD 10.4.3 – RESPONSES
TO COLONIALISM
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Why did European colonists believe they had the right to
colonize Africa? – they felt they were superior/ nationalism
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Effects of European colonization on Africa – trans-atlantic
slave trade, colonial economic dependence, some
imporovements in transportation and communications
infrastructure
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African nationalism rose after what event? Boer War
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Who was the first black African leader since the early
1900s and which country did he lead? Nkwame Nkrumah
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Forms of resistance to European colonization – strikes,
trade embargos, rebellion
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Boxer Rebellion in China – 1899 - Uprising of Chinese box
cutters, took over Beijing, rebellion ended by multinational
forces
10.4.4
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Sun-Yat Sen – Chinese leader advocated a form of
democracy, freedom from imperialism
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In which nation did enslaved people win their freedom
and establish a republic? Haiti
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Creoles and their role in South American revolutionary
movements – main supports of revolutions (tired of
paying taxes to mother countries)
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Who did the Chinese win independence from in 1911?
– Great Britain
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Why did the last Chinese empire collapse? Corruption
loss of Sino-Japanese War
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Which two African countries were able to retain their
independence by 1914? Ethiopia and Liberia
FOLLOW UP ASSIGNMENT
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Start ……. hopefully continue working on your
notecards
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You need one for each question on the
review sheet – one side has the exactly
worded question/ the other the answer.
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10 e.c. points towards the benchmark
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Due Tuesday beginning of class!!
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Benchmark Test Next Tuesday!!!
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Work hard and reap the rewards!
WARM UP 11-26
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Complete Section 9.4 of your packet (both
pages (Summary and Graphic Organizer
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Study for Benchmark Test tomorrow
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-Participate in the review session today (10
points)
A) Please Don’t be disruptive or it slows us down
• B) Participate and listen to score higher on the test
• Follow up assignment
Complete Section 9.3 and 9.5 in, summary and graphic
organizer, staple in back of notebook.
•