Transcript Unit 6 Contemporary c.1900

UNIT 6 CONTEMPORARY C.1900PRESENT
LETS REVIEW IMPERIALISM BEFORE WE
MOVE ON TO UNIT 6
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Imperialism is any situation in which a more powerful nation is acting at the expense of
a less powerful nation. This usually occurs when the more powerful nation dominates
militarily or economically.
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The new imperialism was meant to colonize Asia and Africa in the 1870s, but the entire
period lasted from 1830 to 1914. Countries often used a three-pronged attack to
colonize these new lands:
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military force in order to take control of the local area's government
exploited the local area economies for raw materials required by Europeans' need
forcing "Western" values on the "backward" colonies to benefit its people
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Essentially all of Asia was overtaken by six European nations, while Latin America was
overtaken by the United States.
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There are four main causes of imperialism:
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a need for additional raw materials and new markets
a desire to convert people to Christianity
competition to acquire colonies and show-off their military powers
an obligation felt by Westerners to bring their culture to the "uncivilized" people of the underdevelopd world.
AFRICA
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Africa was colonized by a number of European
countries: Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, and
Germany.
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Britain colonized Egypt as a protected state of its
empire in the 1880s. The British then helped Egypt
take control of Sudan and constructed an AngloEgyptian government in both Egypt and Sudan.
Britain also took over present-day South Africa, and
invested in the Suez Canal in order to gain access to
India and Asia.
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France claimed Algeria, Tunisia, and most of
Morocco before World War I.
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Belgium exploited the Congo and became the
epitome of cruel imperial masters ruling with brutality.
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Italy took Libya.
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Some wealthy industrialists worked to harvest the
natural resources from the northern and southern
regions of the continent, but did little to develop the
people or local industries.
HERE IS A DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERCENTAGE OF
AFRICA’S POPULATION CONTROLLED BY
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN 1885 AND 1914.
ASIA
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Asia was also colonized by a number of European countries:
Britain, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Russia.
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In 1757, Britain began colonizing India; this process lasted
until 1849. By the mid-1880s, the British also had control of
Singapore, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and North Borneo.
The British brought educational reform and technological
advances to these colonies, which eventually led to the
colonies’ independence.
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The Netherlands held control over the islands of Indonesia.
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France claimed Vietnam, and Cambodia in the 1880s and
took Laos soon after.
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Germany colonized islands in the Pacific.
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Russia created a sphere of influence – an area under the
economic and military control of an imperial power – in
Persia.
Here is a map of Asia in
1914.
AMERICA AND JAPAN EMERGE AS
WORLD POWER
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Spanish American War 1898
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Russo Japanese war 19041905
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
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The Spanish-American War began in 1898 between the United States and Spain, and was a result of
American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The American public grew angrier and
angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, and after the mysterious sinking of the American
battleship Maine in a Cuban Harbor, William McKinley grudgingly chose to go to war.
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The war lasted for ten weeks and was fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Spanish lost the
war due to a confluence of forces: American naval power, nationwide insurgent attacks, and yellow
fever.
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In 1898, the two parties signed the Treaty of Paris. This treaty allowed America to temporarily control
Cuba, and indefinite control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
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This marked the end of the Spanish Empire and ended up being a huge shock to the populous. The
United States not only gained island territories, but it also began discussing the merits of
expansionism.
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-1905
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The war was a result of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire
over Manchuria and Korea. The Russians wanted a warm water port – a port where the water
does not freeze in the wintertime – on the Pacific Ocean for their navy and trade.
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Negotiations between the two countries proved unfruitful, and in 1904, the Japanese Navy
attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, a naval base leased to Russia by China. This led to war.
After battles on land and sea, the Japanese ultimately won because the Russians were poorly
organized.
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The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed in September 1905. The agreement involved no indemnities
on Russia’s part in exchange for Manchuria, its 25-year leasehold rights to Port Arthur, the naval
base and peninsula surrounding the port, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island.
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At the end of the war, Russia had lost two of its three naval fleets. From a naval perspective, Russia
was relegated to an afterthought. The costs of the war affected the Russian economy, as the
nation developed an external balance of payments deficit. This deficit was exacerbated by the
cost of re-equipping and re-expanding the Russian army.
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Japan became the sixth-most powerful naval force. General Japanese sentiment was that they
had received much less than they should have in the Treaty of Portsmouth. This anger, as well as
the arrogance at becoming a global power, led to Japanese hostility towards the West and
additional imperial ambitions.
UNIT 6 CONTEMPERORY C.1900PRESENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN 20TH CENTURYc.1900 to the Present
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
Powerful trends
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Skyrocketing populations
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global communications
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the rise and fall of authoritarian governments
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the worldwide great depression and its consequences
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two world wars
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the rise of United States as a global power all
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the fall of European hegemony
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the feminist movement
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the Cold War
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the environmental effects of the Industrial Revolution...
UNIT SIX: KEY CONCEPTS
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Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment
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Key Concept 6.2 Global conflicts and their Consequences
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Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualization of Global Economy,
Society, and Culture
SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT
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Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the
universe and the natural world and led to the development of
new technologies. These changes enabled unprecedented
population growth, which altered how humans interacted with
the environment and threatened delicate ecological
balances at local, regional, and global levels.
I. SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT
A. ELECTRIFICATION OF HOMES AND BUSINESSES
1. Beginning in the late 19th century, electric
power arrived in homes and businesses that
were located in cities in the United States and
Western Europe. As the 20th century progressed,
more and more people were added to the
electrical grid.
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Electric lights, stoves, refrigerators, and radios
were among the first electrical appliances
that people came to take for granted in the
West.
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Electricity in homes and businesses change
people's sleep patterns, work patterns, and
consumer choices.
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By the end of the century, most of the
populated world had access to electricity,
but significant areas – especially in Africa –
remained without lights.
B. COMMUNICATION AND
TRANSPORTATION
B. COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION
Telephone
The telephone was invented in 1876 in the
United States.
Until the 1920s in the West, it was used mainly by
the rich and privileged in the "developed"
countries of Europe, Australia, North and South
America, and Japan.
In the economic boom of the roaring 20s that
occurred in most Western nations, more and
more people could afford to have a telephone
in their homes.
Telephonic technology remained almost
unchanged until the 1980s, when cell phones
became available in large cities. The pattern
repeated itself: at first, only wealthy people
could afford cell phones, but as prices went
down, availability went up. By the early 21st
century, cell phones had become almost a
necessity in the industrialized, developed world.
1. COMMUNICATION
Radio/Television
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Originally considered a device for
one-to-one communication –
"wireless telegraph" – by the 1920s,
radio networks began broadcasting
entertainment and news to national
audiences.
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Television gain popularity after
World War II, so much so that by the
1960s in the United States, more
homes had televisions than indoor
toilets. It rapidly became more
popular than radio as a means of
information and entertainment.
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Both radio and television were used
by governments to propagate their
messages to citizens and foes alike.
1. COMMUNICATION
Computers and the Internet
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The first electronic computer was developed in the United
States in the late 1940s. It took up a whole room.
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By the early 1980s, the first personal computers (PCs) were
available to the public. Computers that are now
considered antiques were originally high-priced and
mysterious toys for the wealthy.
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Prices of computers began to drop and their popularity began
to rise with the advent of the Internet by the mid-1990s
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Originally designed as a way for scientists to transmit computer
data across telephone lines in the 1960s, the Internet became
a global phenomenon.
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By the early 21st century, the Internet connected billions of
people and businesses, but there were still many areas with
little or no in Internet access, primarily in parts of Africa and
Central Asia, although access was improving.
2. TRANSPORTATION
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Automobiles
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Automobile were introduced in Germany in the late 19th
century, but like radios and telephones, they did not become
popular in the industrialized world until the 1920s.
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When automobiles did become popular, they changed many
aspects of Western society. One big change was the
automobiles ability to make people more mobile. It became
much less likely for people to live their entire lives in one place.
Dating without the watchful eyes of parents became the
norm. Living in the suburbs in working miles away in city centers
became popular. Driving to distant location spots – in Europe
that could mean in another country – was also possible.
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Cars also created new industries and jobs: multinational
corporations that sold petroleum products, the travel industry,
and government – funded modern road construction, to
name a few.
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The automobiles popularity also led to less use of public
transportation, increased rush – hour traffic, traffic fatalities,
and increased air pollution
2. TRANSPORTATION
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Airplanes
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The first application of airplanes on a wide
scale was in World War I.
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Air travel in the West was for the wealthy and
famous "and military pilots" until after World
War II, when an unprecedented economic
boom occurred and the middle class could
afford to join "the jet set."
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By the end of the 20th century, passenger air
travel was common in the West, but it did not
surpass the use of the automobile.
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One casualty in many Western nations was
the passenger train, which had been the
most popular form of mass travel for almost
100 years.
2. TRANSPORTATION
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Space
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Space travel isn't a common mode of transportation, of
course, but its introduction in the mid-20th century heralded
technological step that humans had dreamed about for
millennia.
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Liquid – fueled rockets were experimental in the 1920s and
used as weapons by Germany in World War II. The Soviet Union
launched the first missiles to orbit the Earth in the 1950s,
followed quickly by its rival, the United States.
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"Race to the moon" fired Cold War imaginations in the 1960s
and was won by the United States.
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After the fall of communism in the Soviet Union in the early
1990s, United States and Russia became partners in space
exploration with the jointly run international space station.
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By the early 21st century, other nations and organizations,
particularly China and the European space agency, had
launched missiles into space. The enormous expense of space
travel meant only the wealthiest nations could afford it. (You
don't have to be a rocket scientist to understand that.)
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Some of the benefits of the space program included:
miniaturization of electronic competence, GPS systems,
nonstick coating on cooking utensils, medical imaging (for
example, CAT scans), among others.
C. SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING ALTERS
SOCIETY'S VIEWS OF THE WORLD
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After the Scientific
Revolution in the 17th
century, people's "faith" and
science in the West reached
a level where even scientific
theories affected society
itself.
C. SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING ALTERS
SOCIETY'S VIEWS OF THE WORLD
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After Darwin published his
theory of evolution in the
Origin of Species in 1859,
major debates ensued in
Western society.
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In the early 20th century, the German
mathematician Albert Einstein contributed to the
theory of relativity.
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In basic terms, his theory overturned Newton's ideas
about a constant universe and hypothesized instead
that space and time can vary, depending on the
point of view of the observer.
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In this new view of the universe and humanity's
placed in it, there are no absolutes.
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This view of the universe had tremendous impact on
Western society after World War I.
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The "great civilized powers" of Europe had set out to
destroy each other with weapons produced by the
Industrial Revolution, and about 20 million people
were killed. Newton's view of an ordered, rational
universe didn't make sense anymore.
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Philosophers, artists, composers, and geologists took
the scientific concept of relativity and applied it to
society. Right and wrong were no longer absolutes
but instead were concepts for each individual to
determine.
D. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES EXTENDED
LIFE EXPECTANCY
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Throughout the world history,
infant mortality was the
greatest factor in limiting life
expectancy. Children who
survived past their 5th
birthday could generally
expect to live into their 60s.
D. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES EXTENDED
LIFE EXPECTANCY
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The results of systematic
scientific research from
universities, hospitals, and
medical – related
corporations were
medicines, healthier
lifestyles, and surgical
techniques that greatly
increased life expectancy in
the 20th century.
D. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES EXTENDED
LIFE EXPECTANCY
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The polio vaccine, antibiotics,
improved surgical procedures
such as sterilizing equipment,
and advances in cancer
treatments all contributed.
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Deadly infectious diseases such
as smallpox and whooping
cough were virtually
eliminated through global
campaigns off inoculation, yet
other diseases developed and
spread.
D. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES EXTENDED
LIFE EXPECTANCY
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These medical advances
were largely limited,
however, to industrialized
nations. In 2011, for
example, 26 nations with the
lowest life expectancy were
in Africa.
E. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY SOURCES
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Fossil fuels
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Coal was used as an energy
source around the world for
many centuries, but the
Industrial Revolution's powerful
machines demanded
unprecedented amounts of
fuel.
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Diesel and gasoline, refined
from petroleum ("rock oil") in
the second half of the 19th
century, were found to be
even more efficient fuels, and
industrial production increased
even more.
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Like coal, processing
petroleum products can
damage the environment.
Throughout the 20th century,
governments and fuel –
related businesses struggled to
find a balance between
societies demand for these
fuels and the health of the
environment.
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By the end of this era, despite
some implementation of other
forms of energy such as solar
and wind power, fossil fuels
remain the cheapest and most
widely used source of energy.
E. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY SOURCES
Nuclear energy
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The struggle over the use of
atomic energy power plants
was particularly intense. In the
1950s, the Western nations and
in the Soviet Union, atomic
energy was promoted as the
clean, efficient energy source
of the future, but over time it
lost favor.
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In 1979, a nuclear plant in the
United States narrowly avoided
a nuclear disaster.
E. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY SOURCES
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In 1986 in the USSR, the
Chernobyl nuclear facility
exploded, creating
unprecedented destruction
from a nonmilitary atomic
source.
E. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY SOURCES
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In 2011, an earthquake
and tsunami struck
nuclear power plants in
Japan, and an explosion
occurred. This event had
been dumped the worst
nuclear meltdown since
Chernobyl but the full
extent of damage,
human health effects and
environmental impacts
will not be known for
several years.
E. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY SOURCES
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Nations and individuals sought alternative forms of energy
such as solar and wind power, but by the early 21st century,
there were far behind fossil fuels in terms of electrical output.
II. ENVIRONMENT
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It is important that you understand that the "environment" in
the AP world history does not refer to just trees, birds, and rivers.
People and their interactions with the environment are integral
parts. More people make more demands for more food crops
and acquire more housing for shelter.
A. GLOBAL POPULATION SOARED
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY
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Because of better medicine,
plentiful food, and healthier
habits, people lived longer in the
20th century than even before.
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Longer life tends to mean more
children.
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Concerns over high population
growth led some nations – China
and India, in particular – to initiate
government policies to limit the
number of births.
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China enacted "one child policy"
aimed at urban couples. By the
year 2000, China's population was
over 1 billion.
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India's government adopted a
national population policy, which
incorporated many attempts to
curb birthrates, but it's population
continued to climb.
Population growth assumed in the
20th century, with few signs of
abatement by the early 21st
century.
The highest numbers of people
were concentrated in South and
East Asia, which had been the
norm for thousands of years.
TEST TIP
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The AP world history exam has been known to include
questions about global population numbers, especially after
the discovery of the Americas by Europeans and after the
Industrial Revolution.
B. INNOVATIONS IN FARMING LED TO A
SO-CALLED GREEN REVOLUTION
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In the mid 20th century, the development of powerful fertilizers
and pesticides combined with new high – yield, disease –
resistant crops led to predictions of a famine – free world.
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The Green Revolution held out hope that food could be grown
almost anywhere.
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Although food production skyrocketed during the Green
Revolution, so did global population.
B. INNOVATIONS IN FARMING LED TO A SOCALLED GREEN REVOLUTION
India was an early participant in the Green Revolution in the
1960s.
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New hybrid rice crops grown in combination with strong
pesticides produced very high yields, so much so that India
seem to end it's long cycle of periodic famine and became a
leader in Christ's exports.
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Corn and wheat were other popular hybrid crops.
B. INNOVATIONS IN FARMING LED TO A
SO-CALLED GREEN REVOLUTION
Attempts to spread the Green Revolution yielded mixed results.
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In Philippines, rice yields soared, but in much of Africa,
agricultural production stagnated.
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Shifting weather patterns contributed to Africa's lower crop
yield, as have the destructive nature of many civil wars since
the end of World War II.
B. INNOVATIONS IN FARMING LED TO A
SO-CALLED GREEN REVOLUTION
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Despite the setbacks, the amount of food grown globally
increased tremendously because of the Green Revolution –
and so has global population
CRITICISM OF GREEN REVOLUTION
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environmental concerns about overuse of pesticides and
fertilizers.
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the tendency of farmers to plant mono crops instead of a
variety of grains as they once had
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and unprecedented population growth. More food means
more people can eat and thus live and reproduce.
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But from a long – term global perspective, experts wonder
whether the green revolution can continue to feed ever
increasing numbers of people.
C. POLLUTION
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With the benefits of anonymous industrial growth also came pollution
of the environment on levels not seen before. Pollution such as
wastewater or smoke from fires has always been a part of human
society, but mass production of goods often meant mass production
of waste products getting into surrounding rivers, ground, and air.
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In 1970, a grassroots proved – environment movement led to more
government regulations of industrial pollution in the capitalist West.
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After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th
century, there were revelations of massive amounts of industrial
pollution, unlike anything seen in the West.
III. WAR, DISEASE, AND FAMINE
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War and disease have always been significant causes of
human fatalities. It would seem logical that a century that saw
an unparalleled surge in population would also have high
numbers of deaths. But the Era1900 to the present seemed to
out-do nature itself in the area of human casualties.
A. WAR…
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World War I introduced mass production techniques to the
battlefield.
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Machine guns firing as many as 600 bullets per second could kill
thousands of people in an afternoon. Estimates are as many as 8
million soldiers and 12 million civilians died in World War I.
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In the Russian Civil War of 1918 – 1920, perhaps 20 million more
people died.
A. WAR
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20 years later, World War II showed that improved military
technology, such as massive bombing campaigns against
large cities, could be even more destructive.
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In World War II, over 20 million people died in Russia alone, and
roughly 16,000,000 died worldwide.
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The elimination of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki with atomic bombs began and it out where instant
annihilation on a massive scale was possible.
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As in all wars, most of the civilian deaths were not a result of
battlefield conflict but rather of disease and famine.
B. DISEASE…
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The first truly global disease epidemic was partly a result of
World War I. The 1918 influenza pandemic killed roughly 20
million people worldwide. It is thought that returning soldiers
scattered the disease to their home countries around the
globe, with devastating effects. Through the course of the 20th
century, new strains of flu occur from time to time, but they did
not have the impact of the 1918 version.
B. DISEASE
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HIV/AIDS was the second major pandemic of the 20th century – as
many as three 5 million people died from the disease by the early
21st century.
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First identified in the late 20th century, HIV spread through sexual
contact and needle sharing, the latter usually by people using illicit
drugs. It then entered undetected into hospital blood supplies and
was transmitted via transfusions.
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Once it entered the societies of central Africa, it was – and
continues to be – highly destructive.
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AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa. In 2007, 2.8 million
people died from AIDS – 2 million of those were in Africa.
Government programs promoting both abstinence and safe sex
had limited success in the continent.
C. FAMINE…
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One result of modern war on civilian populations is a disruption
of the food supply.
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Famine struck Europe after World War I.
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Most of the 20 million deaths in this Russian Civil War are attributed
to famine.
C. FAMINE..
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Government policies of keeping food away from those
deemed an enemy of the state killed many millions in the 20th
century.
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In the 1930s, Stalin enacted an "artificial famine" against rural
communities that resisted his role in the USSR, and approximately
13 million died.
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In the mid-20th century, Mao's insistence on industry over
agricultural production costs perhaps 20 million deaths in China.
C. FAMINE
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Natural disasters such as droughts and floods in China, India,
and East Africa killed still millions more in the era 1900 to the
present. High population densities in East and South Asia
increased death tolls due to these causes, despite
international assistance campaigns.