Transcript Ist Semester - Stevenson High School

Final Review Continues
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Causes,
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Seljuk Turks overran the Byzantine lands and took
over the Holy Lands, attacking Pilgrims
Pope Urban wanted to increase his power in Europe
& perhaps united the Roman & Byzantine Churchs
Pope saw the middle east as a place to relive
population pressures in Europe.
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Increased trade - crusaders brought back
fabrics, spices and perfumes that people then
demanded
Brought power of the Church to its greatest
height.
Encouraged the growth of a money economy,
allowing peasants to pay rent in money rather
than grain or labor – undermine the feudal
system
Increase the power of feudal lords- they
increased taxes to support the Crusades
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Decrease in population
Violence against Jews
Labor shortage
revolts caused by sever economic problems
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It was caused by fleas on rats that infested
cargo.
It spread by being carried along trade routes
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Books became more available
People became more literate
The ideas of religious reformers spread.
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The Ottoman Turks – Constantinople fell in
1453.
It was renamed Isanbul
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This was the Age of Justinian
He developed a unified code of laws known as
Justinian’s Code
Preservation of the Greco-Roman learning
Built Hagia-Sophia – expanded dome
architecture.
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Constantinople was the capital
It was desirable because of it’s strategic
location on the Bosporus a strait that linked
the Mediterranean and Black seas. It was easy
to defend.
It was where European and Asian trade routes
met.
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It was a rebirth of creativity in the areas social,
political, economic, and cultural ways after the
disunity and disorder of the medieval world.
It was a reawakening of interest in classical
learning, especially the culture of ancient
Rome.
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Machiavelli wrote the book. It was a guide to
rulers on how to gain & maintain power.
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Do whatever is necessary to achieve your goals.
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Results are more important than promises.
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The ends justifies the means.
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It was an intellectual movement that focused
on worldly subjects rather than only religious
issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.
They believed that education should stimulate
the individual’s creative powers
They studied things like grammar, rhetoric
poetry & history based on Greek and Roman
text
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1. Neolithic revolution
2. Roman empire
3. European Middle Ages
4. Crusades
5. Italian Renaissance
6. Renaissance
7. Absolutism
8. Enlightenment
9. French revolution
19th century Political Revolutions
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The doctrines of Christianity.
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He was from Mali & came to the throne in
1312.
He enlarged the kingdom and made it safe.
With making the hajj, he greatly expanded
diplomacy and trade with the middle east and
spread Islam in Africa
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Farmers in the forest and brush land would
clear the land with axes and hoes and then
burn the remains using the ash as fertilizer.
This land would lose it’s fertility within a few
years so they would move onto new land.
Sometimes they returned when the soil had
recovered.
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Causes – their land dried out – desertification
Effects - They met other groups and sometimes
they force others out.
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They spread and mixed cultures and languages.
Bantu is the root language of many African
languages
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In Ghana, the king controlled the gold-salt
trade routes across W. Africa & collected tolls.
This brought them great wealth.
Mali was the successor to Ghana and had
control of those trade routes. Timbuktu was a
crossing point and became a center of Islamic
learning under Mansa Musa.
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They were from West Africa.
They migrate south and east between 500 CE
and 1500CE
They migrated as the area dried out.
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There was a greater focus on the here and now.
During the Reformation, more people could
read because of the printing press and during
the Renaissance they went back to the classics
and discovered Roman tradition of using
reason to know.
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The Chinese discovered gunpowder in 850 and
it eventually was brought back by European
traders.
The printing press helped to spread new ideas
and people were more literate.
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Observation, experimentation , math
calculations, scientific laws
Newton, Descarte, Copernicus, Galileo
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It is the exchange of living things between the
Americas and Europe as a result of European
exploration.
From the Americas - potatoes, beans, tomatoes
tobacco, pineapples, squash, etc increase food
supply – population growth
From Europe - wheat melons, grapes cattle,
pigs, chickens, cocoa Slaves & diseases
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Aztecs - irrigate, fertilize and terraced
farming. They even built floating gardens to
grow corn.
Incans also used terraces to grow food and they
had an intricate system of irrigation. Also, they
had complex methods of preserving and
storing food.
Both learned to adapt to their environments.
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Europeans brought diseases, killing millions
Spread Christianity
Class system based on color and birth
Spanish became the dominate language
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Lumber , ore, food stuffs to Europe
Slaves from Africa
Molasses , sugar etc from the Caribbean
Rum from colonies to Africa for slaves
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Sugar cane – West Indies
Tobacco & cotton in Americas
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1. Widespread death of native Americans due
to disease.
2. Reliance on cash crops
3. New social rankings
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It was based on origin of birth and skin color.
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Millions were enslaved and sent to the
Americas
Youth were taken from communities which
caused some societies and small states to
disappear forever
New African states arose whose way of life
depended on the slave trade.
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The right the Spanish government granted to
its American colonists to demand labor and or
tribute from Native Americans.
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Viceroys were those who governed in the name
of the Spanish ruler
Penisulares were people born in Spain at the
top
Creoles – American born descendents of
Spanish settlers
Mestizos – native American & European
descent
Mulattoes – people of African and European
descent.
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Part of the Atlantic trade route, the Middle
passage was the leg of the journey where
African slaves were taken across the Atlantic to
work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the
Americas.
The slaves were provided by other Africans
who would trade them for textiles, metalwork,
rum weapons etc.
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page 422
A ruler with complete authority over the
government and the lives of the people
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Magna Carta – 1215 - nobles forced king John
to sign it. It contained a list of rights that
belonged to the nobles. They were eventually
expanded and given to all people.
page 435 English Bill of Rights – glorious
revolution signed by William and Mary – gave
superiority of the Parliament over the
monarchy
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Page 422 Phillip II of Spain
427- Louis XIV of France
442 – Peter the Great of Russia
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Page 430-434
Limited monarchy - a government in which a
constitution or legislative body limits the
monarchs powers. Parliamentary democracy
James I (Stewart)took power and wanted to be
an absolute monarch which started the English
civil war. The roundheads won, Cromwell led
the Commonwealth until William & Mary took
over- signed the English Bill of Rights
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It was the effort of the Christians to take back
Spain from the Muslims.
It really picked up steam around 1085
(crusades) and by 1300, Christian controlled the
peninsula except for Grenada.
Muslim influence in the arts and literature
continued to shape arts and literature.
Ferdinand & Isabella took Grenada in 1942 and
started the Inquisition and persecuted Jews and
Muslims
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Catherine the Great won the warm-water port.
It was on the Black Sea.
She took it from the Ottoman Empire.
They needed a warm water-port for shipping
and transportation during the winter months.
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Machiavelli pg348 –
Hobbes 456 –
Both believed in using absolute power to
maintain control. Machiavelli used it as a tool
for the goals of the ruler, Hobbes believed it
was the only way to ensure order and an
organized society. Social contract.
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Pages 456-57
They were looking for “natural laws” that
governed human nature.
People were born with natural rights.
Government has an obligation to protect those
rights Locke
Separation of powers is the best way to insure
that no one part of government becomes too
strong – Montesquieu.
Social Contract - Rousseau
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Rights that belong to all human s from birth.
They include life liberty and property
John Locke – Declaration of Independence.