Transcript african-history

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SECTION 1 AFRICAN EMPIRES
• Africa is the world’s second largest
continent and is home to many
different peoples and cultures.
• Most historians and archaeologist believe that the first humans
lived in Africa.
• The earliest Africans were hunters and gatherers, who traveled
from place to place in search of food.
• Later, Africans began to settle and build farming and herding
communities.
• Trade routes stretched over land.
• As first, mules and oxen carried many traded goods. However,
around the first century AD, traders began to use camels that were
better adapted to travel across the continent’s vast deserts.
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•People in other
regions eagerly
sought the gold,
copper, salt, and
ivory that African
traders
provided.
•Africans also
made money
trading another
commodity:
slaves.
•Slaves are people who are owned like property.
•They have no rights and are bought and sold they way you would
buy or sell a car.
•They have to do whatever their master tells them to do.
•In Africa, some cultures would force prisoners of war to serve
their captors as slaves or would sell them as slaves to foreign
peoples.
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Several empires in ancient Africa grew because
of trade.
Through trade, people exchange goods.
When people trade, they exchange ideas, too.
Culture spreads through trade.
Parts if Africa became centers of commerce or
learning in this way.
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GHANA EMPIRE
 Beginning in the 6th century, there
was a kingdom in West Africa called
Ghana.
 It was located between the Senegal
and Niger rivers.
 It had some of the richest gold mines
in Africa.
 Traders from northern Africa passed
through Ghana to trade their salt for
gold.
 Salt was valuable.
 People need salt to live, and to keep
food fresh.
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Kumbi Saleh was the
capital of Ghana.
It was on the edge of
the Sahara Desert.
It became the most
important city for
trade in West Africa.
Ghana grew rich by taxing traders.
Traders paid taxes in gold.
Because of its great wealth, Ghana was called
the “land of gold.”
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Muslim traders moved to Ghana in the 9th
century.
They built mosques and schools.
Traders were very good bookkeepers.
The king used them to help run the
kingdom.
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After hundreds of years of prosperity, Ghana was
invaded in 1076, by a neighboring Muslim group
called the Berbers.
This invasion began a period of economic decline for
the country.
New trade routes were established, so traders were
able to avoid Ghana’s taxes.
In addition, there was a long
drought which made it hard for
Ghana to grow enough food.
Tribes inside Ghana began to fight
each other.
In the 1200s, a group that Ghana
had controlled, the Susu,
suddenly took over Kumbi Saleh.
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The Kingdom of Ghana was located in
areas of present-day Senegal, Mali, and
Mauritania.
There is also a separate African country
called Ghana nearby, which is named for
this earlier kingdom.
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MALI EMPIRE
 Around 1240, Sunduata Keita took over the city of Kumbi
Saleh.
 He was a local warrior.
 The Kingdom of Mali was formed.
 Mali’s borders were similar to Ghana’s.
 It was also a rich kingdom.
 Like Ghana, Mali traded gold and salt.
 The Niger River was vital to its
strength in trade.
 Many trade goods passed up and
down the river.
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The importance of
also grew.
The rulers of Mali
became Muslim.
Mansa Musa (which
means King Musa)
ruled from 1312 to
1332.
He is Mali’s best-known king.
He based Mali’s laws on the Qur’an.
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Islam
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In 1323, Mansa Musa made a trip to Mecca.
For Muslims, a trip to Mecca is called a hajj.
In the Quran, all Muslims are urged to make
this journey at least once in their lives.
Mansa Musa brought 60,000 people, eighty
camels, and over twelve tons of gold to Mecca.
Along the way, he gave
the gold away to
people.
Word of Musa’s wealth
spread all the way to
Europe.
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 Timbuktu was an important city in the Mali Empire.
 It had been a trade center for many years.
 It also became a major center of learning.
 He paid architects to build many mosques and
schools.
 Islamic scholars taught medicine, math, astronomy,
and religion there.
 After Mansa Musa’s
rule, Mali declined.
 Malians fought one
another and the
wealth of the
country decreased.
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SONGHAI EMPIRE
o The Songhai people had been ruled by the Mali
Empire.
o After the Songhai broke free,
in 1464, Sonni ali Ber
took the throne to create
the Songhai Empire.
o Gao was its capital.
o The Songhai Empire grew to
be a very strong empire.
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 Sonni Ali Ber died in 1492.
 Askia Muhammad was the next
ruler of Songhai.
 He was the first ruler of the Askia
Dynasty.
 He built mosques and schools.
 He helped Islam grow.
 Songhai prospered.
 It was very a large empire.
 It stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to presentday Nigeria.
 Its government was well organized.
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 Two cities other than Gao were
very important to the Songhai
Empire.
 Timbuktu was still important, and
Djenne was one of the oldest
cities in Africa.
 It was close to key trade routes.
 Djenne’s importance grew in the
Songhai Empire.
 It was linked to Timbuktu by the
Niger River.
 It became Songhai’s busiest
trading city as well as a center
for learning.
 Askia Muhammad asked Islamic scholars to move to Djenne.
 Many people went there, some of whom came from as far away
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In 1591, an army from Morocco conquered the
Songhai Empire.
However, the Moroccans found it hard to
control an area so far away.
When the Moroccans left, the Songhai Empire
broke up.
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ETHIOPIA
 Some of the earliest civilization
existed in E t h i o p i a .
 Many different kingdoms have
ruled there throughout
human history.
 By the 10th century, Ethiopia
was a powerful empire.
 Judaism and Christianity had
been there for centuries.
 Ethiopia’s emperors ruled a
country that had strong
traditions.
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Zara Yakob became Ethiopia's ruler in the 15th
century.
He was the empire’s most powerful ruler.
He was well known for his intelligence.
Under his rule, Christianity continued to grow.
Christianity became the dominant religion in Ethiopia.
He made his hold on local rulers stronger.
They had limited freedom.
Zara Yakob made these rulers pay
him fees every year.
This kept the empire stable.
It also added to its wealth.
Ties were made with many nations,
some in Europe.
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ZANZIBAR
 Zanzibar is an island off the coast of
East Africa.
 It was settled by Arab traders in the 11th
century.
 These traders mixed with native people
who were already there.
 Zanzibar was a Muslim area before
Arab traders arrived.
 Settlers from Persia slowly converted the Africans who already
lived there.
 In time, many Muslims lived on Zanzibar.
 It was a key trade center.
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Zanzibar’s location made it a good place for
traders to stop before reaching the East African
coast.
It was the main access point to Africa from the
east.
From Zanzibar, slaves and ivory from inside
Africa were sold.
They were traded for cloth, knives,
and food.
By 1503, Portugal ruled Zanzibar and
much of the East African coast.
Zanzibar did not ban slavery until 1880.
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SECTION 2 – THE SLAVE
TRADE & COLONIZATION
 Long before white Europeans began shipping slaves overseas,
Africans established an internal African slave trade.
 When Africans went to war with one another, they often forced
prisoners to serve as slaves.
 Over time, they started selling some of these slaves to other
Africans.
 Eventually, Africans built trade networks
and began selling slaves to foreign
peoples.
 Slave caravans traveled routs across
the Sahara Desert to North Africa.
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• Traders then shipped many of these
slaves across the Mediterranean
or Red Seas to parts of southern Europe and
Asia.
• In the 15th century, Portuguese
explorers arrived in Africa and
quickly adapted the existing
slave trade to suit their own
purposes.
• They established forts where Europeans slave dealers
could buy slaves from Africans and hold them until
ships arrived to carry them to Europe or across the
Atlantic Oceans.
• Soon, the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French
engaged in the African slave trade as well.
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 When Europeans began to colonize the Americas,
they used Native Americans for slave labor.
 Diseases, however, decreased the population of
Native American slaves dramatically.
 The Native Americans were not used to the diseases
the colonialist carried.
 By the mid-1600s, colonists in the Americas had
tuned to Africa
as
a new source of
labor.
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 A pattern of trade known as triangular trade occurred between Europe, the
Americas and Africa.
 Merchants from Europe brought manufactured goods to trade for captured
and enslaved Africans in one leg of the triangle.
 Africans were traded for items such as guns and cloth from Europe, and rum
and gunpowder from the American colonies.
 Another part of the trade triangle was known as the Middle Passage.
 Enslaved Africans were transported from Africa to the West Indies on
crowded, dangerous ships.
 They were traded for sugar,
molasses, and other products
in the Americas.
 These agricultural goods were
then shipped to Europe and
European colonies, making
up the third leg of the trade
triangle.
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 A Dutch ship that landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in
1619 was the first known slave ship in North America.
 The ship left Africa carrying 100 Africans, but arrived
in Jamestown with only 20. It was common for people
to perish on slave ships.
 Often the ships carried hundreds of
people in dangerous conditions.
 They were chained together by their
hands and feet.
 The people were held in spaces that were only tall
enough to sit in, so they were unable to stand up.
 Illness spread quickly in the slave ships, and many
Africans died in transit between Africa and the
colonies.
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 A good was to understand the effects of
slavery is by reading the stories of those
who lived through being enslaved.
No one who was a slave in the US is still
alive today.
However, oral
histories of
slavery exists.
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COLONIZATION OF
AFRICA
At first, European explorers would
only explore the coasts of Africa.
The interior was unexplored and unknown.
Exploration became safer as science improved.
Most of Africa had been mapped by the mid-19th
century.
Steamships and railroads allowed travel into the
continent.
This started an age of colonialism.
Colonialism is the forced control of one nation by
another nation.
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REASONS for COLONIZATION
 Africa is a continent of vast wealth.
 It has many raw materials such as cotton, rubber,
ivory, and minerals that are not found in Europe.
 South Africa is rich in diamonds and gold.
 New industries in Europe
needed metals like tin
and copper.
 Africa was rich in these, too.
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Europeans also used Africa as a source of
cheap labor.
In addition, African countries were new markets
for European goods.
They wanted to keep a positive trade balance.
A trade balance is the difference in value
between a country’s imports and exports.
The trade balance is favorable when exports
are greater than imports.
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o Colonizing Africa made it possible to create secure trade routes
for European countries.
o The Suez canal was the most important trade route.
o It is a human made water route between Europe and Asia.
o The Suez Canal is located in Egypt, and was completed in
1869.
o Before its construction, ships had
to travel around the entire
continent of Africa.
o Both the British and French
wanted to control the canal.
o Cities and forts on the coast of
Africa helped protect trade
ships.
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Europeans wanted to change African culture to
be more like European culture.
Africans had their own religions.
European Christians sent missionaries to
Africa.
A missionary is a person who goes to a
foreign county to spread his or her religion.
Missionaries brought
Christianity to
Africa.
They also tried to end
the slave trade.
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Beginnings of Imperialism
The end of the 19th
century is called the
age of Imperialism,
which refers to
countries competing
for land and power.
The growth of European
colonies in Africa is
called the Scramble
for Africa.
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Great Britain and France fought for control of
the region.
The British took control of the Cape Colony
from the Dutch in the early 1800s so that the
French could not control it.
The British also controlled some forts in West
Africa, which gave them control of the ivory and
gold trade.
In addition, Britain took control of the Suez
Canal in Egypt.
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 France wanted to increase its trade.
 It also wanted to spread French culture.
 By 1848, the French
established
themselves in
northern Algeria,
their first African
colony.
 Trade outposts were
built in Western
Africa for the
slave trade.
 Most of the Frenchcontrolled land
was desert.
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 Belgium was also competing for African land.
 K i n g L e o p o l d I I purchased the Congo River basin
with money from investors.
 Belgians did not support this purchase.
 The amount of land purchased
was bigger than Belgium itself.
 The king wanted to make sure that
other European countries
could not control this region.
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The Berlin Conference was a series of meetings in
Berlin, Germany, held by European nations from 1884
to 1885.
Africa’s rulers did not attend.
The European nations discussed Africa’s land and
how they wanted it to be divided.
Ten percent of
Africa was in
European
hands going
into the
meeting.
Europeans owned
most of Africa
by its end.
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Impact of Colonial Period
 The African tribes had no control over their own
countries.
 Land was taken for farms for the Europeans living
there.
 Wars, riots, and protests were common.
 Starvation and disease also occurred.
 Africans often were forced into labor.
 New borders were drawn separating families and
tribes.
 Wars started between tribes that used to be friendly.
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☼There were some positive changes made by the
colonization of Africa.
☼Schools and hospitals were built.
☼The economy was improved by new government.
☼Roads and railroads were
built.
☼Health was improved.
☼The Berlin Conference
set
an end date for the slave
trade.
☼Furthermore, new
technology helped
African lives.
☼END SEC. 2
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Section 3 - AFRICAN NATIONALIST
MOVEMENTS & PROBLEMS AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
• By the early 20th century, European countries had colonized
almost all of Africa.
• The only independent countries left were Liberia and Ethiopia.
• Liberia was founded in 1822, mostly by black American former
slaves.
• However, Africans wanted to control their own governments
and continent’s natural resources for their own good.
• In the second part of the 20th century,
African nations worked to free
themselves from European control.
• Nationalist movements are movements
that seek independence from the
people living in a country.
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KENYA
• Many Kenyan thought the British had taken
their land unfairly.
• A group of Kenyans started the Mau Mau,
which operated from 1952 to 1960.
• The Mau Mau was a secret society.
• It believed force was
the only way to win
Kenyan rights and
independence.
• The Mau Mau rebelled
against the British.
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• The British Army mostly defeated the Mau Mau by
1954, although violence continued until 1960.
• Thousands of people were killed in the fighting,
although only about 100 were European.
• However, the Mau Mau movement still had a great
deal of support among Kenyans.
• Eventually, their support convinced the British they
would have to grant independence to Kenya.
• The British helped Kenyans hold
democratic elections.
• Kenyans elected Jomo Kenyatta
president in 1963.
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NIGERIA
• There were many
different ethnic groups
in the region now
called Nigeria.
• At the Berlin Conference,
Britain was given
control of the region,
which was made into
two colonies.
• Many of the ethnic groups
did not wish to be
part of the same country.
• These divisions among the Africans led to different treatment by
the British.
• The British spend more money building roads and schools in
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the south than in the north.
• By the 1940s, Nigerians had started many groups to
fight against British rule.
• Some groups shared ethnicity.
• Some were youth and student groups.
• Some were made up of people who worked in the
same type of job.
• Many people in these groups had gone to school in
Europe.
• They admired European culture.
• But they believed that the only way for Nigerians to
have their rights was to be free of European rule.
• These groups became political parties that worked for
Nigerian independence.
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• In the late 1940s and 1950s,
the British let Nigerians
elect their own into
government.
• Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
became prime minister in 1957.
• Great Britain gave Nigeria
independence on October
1, 1960.
• Nigeria did not have to fight for its
independence from Britain.
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GHANA
• Africans started
nationalist movements
in the British colony of the Gold Coast in the
1800s.
• It was called the Gold Coast because it had much
gold.
• The nationalist groups wanted Africans to have the
same rights as the British.
• They also wanted to protect their land from colonist.
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• Nationalism increased in the Gold Cost after
World War II.
• Many Ghanaians protested for their
independence.
• In 1948, police fired on a group of
protesters.
• The protesters had fought in World War II for
the British.
• They were protesting because the government
had not paid them.
• The police shooting of protestors led to riots in
the region.
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• In 1954, a man named Kwame Nkrumah
formed a new government.
• His government included many Africans.
• In 1956, his government called for
independence.
• The Gold Coast was renamed Ghana,
after the ancient African kingdom which
had been nearby.
• Ghana won independence in
1957.
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The Belgian Congo
• From 1885 to 1908, King Leopold II of
Belgium ruled the Congo.
• He ran it as his own private
colony.
• It was called the Congo
Free State.
• It had many natural
resources.
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• Although slavery
had been
ended in 1885
at the Berlin
Conference,
Africans were
forced to work
in mines and plantations, which were filled
with cruelty and even torture.
• Many Congolese died during this work.
• Under King Leopold II, the population of the
Congo Free State went from 30 million down to
about 8 million.
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• Other countries complained about working conditions
in the Congo Free State.
• This forced the government of Belgium to take the
land from their king in 1908.
• It was renamed the Belgian Congo.
• Conditions improved, but Congolese were not allowed
to run their own
government.
• The Belgian Congo was
finally granted
independence in 1960,
during the same year
in which many other
African nations won
their independence.
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PROBLEMS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
• Most of Africa was
free from
European
control by
1980.
• However, newly
independent
countries had
many problems.
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NIGERIA
• Nigeria became free from Great
Britain in 1960.
• Abubakar Tafawa Balewa became
the first prime minister of Nigeria.
• The many ethnic groups in the
region, such as the Igbo and
Yoruba, often fought each other.
• The main conflict existed between the northerners, who were
Islamic, and the southerners, who were not.
• The Nigerian military took over the country
in 1966.
• Many people died.
• The Igbo group suffered the most losses.
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• The military ruled for many years.
• Then, different parts of the military began to
fight one another.
• In 1967, an area of Nigeria broke away and
named itself Biafra.
• Nigeria and Biafra fought a civil war.
• Biafra lost its fight for independence in 1970,
and then went back to being a region of Nigeria.
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•
•
•
•
Nigeria benefited from its oil reserves.
However, this money caused corruption.
Only a few people in control of the oil benefited from it.
The rest of the country
remained poor.
• Today, Nigeria has had
three national elections.
• International groups think
that the elections may
not have been
completely democratic.
• However, political and
social conditions in
Nigeria have improved.
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ZIMBABWE
• In 1890, a group of British
pioneers arrived in what is
now Zimbabwe.
• The are was called Southern Rhodesia.
• Over several decades, the British increased the rights
of the Africans.
• This decision displeased European settlers who had
moved to the area.
• Many Europeans feared and distrusted Africans.
• Europeans did not understand African culture well.
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• The Europeans settlers declared Rhodesia
independent in 1965.
• However, they did not allow Africans in its
government.
• Africans began rebelling against the British
in Rhodesia.
• Many people died in the fighting, which
ended in
1980.
• The country was renamed Zimbabwe.
• Robert Mugabe became the first and only prime minister of
Zimbabwe.
• Mugabe won three elections throughout the 1980s through the
early 21st century.
• International election monitors said these elections were not fair
or free.
• Political opposition was surpassed.
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• Mugabe’s government
was charged with corruption.
• Mugabe started a program
to take land back from the Europeans
farmers.
• Some believed that Mugabe made this
controversial decision in order to take attention
away from other problems in the country.
• Mugabe claimed that he did it to benefit
Zimbabweans..
• His critics charged that Mugabe gave most of
the land to his friends.
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• Many Europeans landowners were farmers.
• They did not want to give up their land.
• Mugabe’s government arrested them when they
would not give up their land.
• The arrests caused social problems and also
problems with the farming system.
• The economy of Zimbabwe went through a low
period from the 1990s to today.
• Many people in Zimbabwe are unemployed.
• Almost ¾ of Zimbabwe’s
population lives in
poverty.
• END SEC. 3
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Section 4 - SOUTH AFRICA,
APARTHEID, CIVIL WAR, & UNITY
• By the mid-1600s, the Netherlands was the
dominant European sea power.
• It exercised control over many of the trade routes between Europe
and Southeast Asia.
• The Dutch established a small colony at the Cape of Good Hope to
serve as a port where trading ships on there way to Asia could stop
for supplies and test.
• Eventually, the Cape grew into a much larger colony: South Africa.
• As European colonialist received parcels of land from the Dutch
government, they began to take over territories once occupied by
native Africans.
• They forced local Africans to work for them or imported slaves from
Asia or other parts of the continent.
• South African colonist usually did not use slaves from local African
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• South Africa is the southernmost country in Africa.
• More Europeans settlers came to South Africa than to
anywhere else on the continent.
• European colonization in South Africa led to the oppression of
Africans.
• Many fair-skinned Europeans believed dark-skinned Africans
were less than human, or simply inferior humans to themselves.
• This belief system is called racism, which is the belief that one
type of ethnicity is better than another.
• There is no scientific bases to the idea that human beings are
divided into “races,” but this idea has been common for the past
150 years.
• The rise of slavery is one
explanation for the rise of the
false concept that people
belong to different “races.’
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• In the 17th century, the Dutch were the first Europeans
to settle in South Africa.
• Fighting among European nations for power in South
Africa grew in the 19th century.
• Gold and diamonds were discovered in the region.
• The British and Dutch fought for control of these
valuable resources.
• South Africans tried
to fight the
Europeans, but
had no success.
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• In the late 19th century, the British and the original
Dutch settlers (called Boars) went to war in what was
called the Boar War.
• The British won the war and took control of South
Africa.
• The blacks were not allowed to vote under British rule.
•
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This decision was the beginning of
apartheid.
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APARTHEID
• Apartheid means ‘separateness”
in Afrikaans, the language of
the descendants of the Dutch
settlers (or Afrikaners).
• Laws created to enforce segregation of people by race were
called “apartheid” in South Africa.
• Apartheid allowed many Europeans to grow wealthy and
powerful while millions of blacks suffered.
• Apartheid dominated when the National Party came to power.
• It was part of South African law until 1993.
• Apartheid began when other parts of the world were becoming
more critical of racism and segregation.
• The civil rights movement in America happened during the time
of African apartheid.
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• During apartheid, South Africans were legally classified by the
color of their skin, which was how the Dutch-controlled
government understood race.
• The racial classifications were: white, black, Asian, and colored
(mixed races).
• The majority of South Africans were classified as black.
• People of different races had to use separate services and
buildings.
• They had separate schools, hospitals,
beaches, and libraries.
• People of different races could not
share drinking fountains or
restrooms.
• The services and buildings for whites
were much better than those for
everyone else.
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• During apartheid, white people in South Africa
lived in conditions that were better than
those found anywhere else in Africa.
• Blacks suffered the most during apartheid,
even though they were in the majority of
the population.
• The Dutch-controlled government even took their citizenship
away.
• They were forced to move to homelands and could not vote.
• Homelands were poor, crowded areas far away from cities.
• Homelands often did not have water or
electricity.
• Even though these areas were named
“homelands” most black South Africans
had never actually lived there.
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• Black South Africans could
only leave their
homeland of they were
going to work for a white
person.
• To be allowed to come and
go, black residents of
homelands had to have
Pass Books.
• Black South Africans had to
carry pass books at all
times.
• Traveling without a pass
could result in going to
jail to be beaten.
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• In order to protest their poor treatment,
black South Africans formed groups like
the African National Congress (ANC).
• The ANC was founded in 1912.
• The goal of the ANC was to bring people of all races
together and to fight for rights and freedoms.
• During the 1950s and 1960s, groups like the ANC
received support from many groups and nations
outside South Africa.
• In many parts of the world, apartheid was viewed as
racist and unjust.
• In 1973, the United Nations defined apartheid as a
crime against humanity.
• A crime against humanity is an international law term
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Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
• Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist.
• For many years, Mandela protested nonviolently
against apartheid.
• Then, Mandela became leader of the ANC’s armed
wing in 1961.
• Police arrested
Mandela in
1962. He
was
imprisoned
for 27 years.
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• While in prison, Mandela continued to fight against
apartheid.
• In a 1964 court appearance, he said:
• During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this
struggle of the African people. I have fought against
white domination, and I have fought against black
domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic
and free society in which all persons live together in
harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal
which I hope to live for and to
achieve. But if needs be, it
is an ideal for which I am
prepared to die.
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• F.W. de Klerk, president of South Africa, granted
the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990.
• De Klerk also ended the laws against the ANC.
• De Klerk agreed to end apartheid and spoke for a
multi-racial, democratic South Africa.
• In 1994, Nelson Mandela was the first president to
be elected democratically in South Africa.
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CIVIL WAR and AFRICAN
UNITY
• Civil war and genocide are problems that
have affected many African countries
since the second half of the 20th century.
• Civil war is fighting between two or more
regions or groups in the same country.
• Genocide is the pre-planned murder of an
entire national, racial, political, or ethnic
group.
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RWANDA
• In 1959, while Rwanda was
still a colony, the Tutsi
king was overthrown by
a Hutu regime.
• Over the next several years, this regime killed
thousands of Tutsis.
• Some Tutsis managed to escape to neighboring
countries and became refugees, who are people in
exile.
• In 1990, children of these exiles formed a rebel group
called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).
• That same year, the RPF started a civil war when it
invaded Rwanda from neighboring Uganda.
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• The Hutu regime was defeated in 1994, ending
the civil war.
• Approximately 800,000 Rwandans were killed
by the genocide carried out by the Hutus.
• United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces
attempted to intervene but were not successful.
• Two million Hutu refuges fled to neighboring
countries, including D.R. Congo.
• Many refugees have now
returned to Rwanda, but a
rebel group of about
10,000 remains in the DRC.
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CONGO WARS
• The DRC has suffered from repeated civil wars.
• In 1960, the country gained its independence
from Belgium.
• Power was given to a new government led by
Patrice Lumumba.
• The quick independence left the country unstable.
• Ethnic tensions, which were supported by Belgium, began to
rise.
• The Congolese army rebelled, and Lumumba’s government
was overthrown.
• A civil war began, and the Congo was divided into four regions.
• UN forces went to the region to establish order, but were not
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successful.
• Lumumba was killed with the help of our CIA.
• Lumumba was thought to be too close to the
Soviet Union.
• In 1965, Joseph Mobutu, the leader of the
Congolese army, with the help of the US,
established a government and ended the civil
war.
• The Mobutu regime was brutal
and responsible for much
ethnic tension.
• As a result, opposition groups
formed that were
determined to overthrow
Mobutu.
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• In 1997, rebels led by Laurent Kabila overthrew
the Mobutu regime.
• Ethnic tensions resulted in another civil war in
the region.
• Rwandan forces became involved.
• In 2002, the Pretoria Accord was signed to
officially end the war and establish a new
government in the DRC.
• This civil war resulted in
the most deaths in
a
war since World War II.
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The DARFUR CRISIS
• There are many other civil conflicts
that have affected Africa and
that continue to be a problem.
• For example, the Darfur region of
Sudan has been involved in civil war since 2003.
• In this region, fighting is between the Arab Muslims
who are allied with the Sudanese government and the
non-Arabs who are fighting against them.
• The Arab fighters are known as “Janjaweed.”
• The Sudanese government claims to have little control
of the Janjaweed.
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• International condemnation of the Darfur crisis claims that, in
fact, the government is supplying the Janjaweed with weapons
and support.
• It is difficult to determine the number of deaths caused by the
conflict because the government has made it hard for journalist
to investigate.
• However, most sources report that there have been at least
250,000 deaths.
• The region is already quite dry and had experienced a drought.
• Diseases and starvation have spread throughout the region,
killing many.
• About 2 million have
fled the country.
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PAN-AFRICANISM
• While African nations suffered the tragedies of war,
there were also powerful unifying forces at work.
• A movement called Pan-Africanism spread across the
globe during the 20th century.
• Pan-Africanism is the idea that there is a global
African community made up of native Africans and the
descendants of African slaves and migrants across
the world.
• The Pan-African movement called for unity among all
black people.
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• The origins of the Pan-African movement
can be traced back to the early 19th
century when black intellectuals called for
self-governance.
• The Pan-African movement was important
to the development of the African Union
because it rallied African nations to work
together.
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The AFRICAN UNION
• In response to the number of
corrupt and inept
governments, many African
nations decided to unite in 2001.
• They formed the African Union.
• The African Union (AU) is an organization of 53
African nations that work together for peace and
security.
• The organization works to build a strong economy,
encourage democracy, and safeguard human rights.
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• Every African nation except
Morocco participates in the
African Union.
• The constitution of the AU
even invites the
representatives of the
African Diaspora to participate in the organization.
• A Diaspora refers to any people or ethnic group that
must leave their homeland, and as a result is
dispersed throughout other parts of the world.
• African Americans would be considered part of the
African Diaspora.
• Today, the African Union is working toward building a
central bank and a human rights court that will have
authority over all African nations.
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