Transcript CHAPTER 16 EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION

World History
CHAPTER 4
THE ATLANTIC WORLD
PAGES 119-141
REVISED AUGUST 2014
SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE

Section 1

Pages 119-126

Empire Building

The voyages of Columbus
prompted the Spanish to
establish colonies in the
Americas.
1. WHY DID COLUMBUS BELIEVE HE HAD
REACHED ASIA? WHO FINANCED HIM?

His figures about the size of the earth were wrong.



Thus he never reached Asia.
Instead he ended up on an island in the Caribbean.





He did not know the Americas lay across the Atlantic.
The Taino people met with Columbus.
Columbus called the natives “los indios” which translated
into Indian.
Columbus claimed the land for Spain and called it San
Salvador or “Holy Savior”.
This event would bring together the peoples of Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
Spain’s Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand financed him.
2. DESCRIBE COLUMBUS’ JOURNEY.

Christopher Columbus (1492) Italian
 Wanted to sail west from Spain to reach China (West Indies)
 Funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
 Sailed in three ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria)
 Had no idea that the Americas lay across the Atlantic and his theory on the
size of the earth was completely wrong.
 As a result, when Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean after a two
month journey, he thought he had reached the Asian islands known as the
Indies.
 Called the natives Indians. (Taino)
 Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 with many exotic items including:
parrots, jewels, gold, and plants unknown to Europe.
 He also brought back several Native Americans.
 Believing he had discovered a new route to Asia, the Spanish hailed
Columbus as a hero.
 Columbus eventually made 3 more journeys to the Americas, still believing
he had reached Asia.
 His error was not was not realized until about 1502.
3. WHAT ACTIONS SHOWED THAT COLUMBUS
HAD AN INTEREST IN EMPIRE BUILDING, EVEN
ON HIS FIRST VOYAGE?



Columbus wanted to take possession of every island
he passed and claim it for Spain.
Columbus ultimately commanded a fleet of 17 ships
that carried over 1,000 soldiers, crewmen, and
colonists.
The Spanish intended to transform the islands of the
Caribbean into colonies, which they would own.
4. WHY WERE THE SPANISH
INTERESTED IN ESTABLISHING
COLONIES IN AMERICA?

Reasons for
Exploration:

Gain wealth


Demand for goods from
China and India





Gold, silver, etc.
Spices, silk, perfume
Overland trade routes
were expensive- (Italians)
Spread Christianity
Adventure & Curiosity
Fame & Glory (prestige)
5. WHAT CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
HELPED IMPROVE NAVIGATION?

Advances in Technology:

Allowed travel on the open
seas
Compass- tells direction
 Astrolabe- Calculate
position based on stars &
sun
 Building of better ships
(deep draft)
 Caravel- Triangular sails
(lateen)


Could carry weapons
6. WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS FROM
PORTUGAL AND SPAIN? WHAT DID THEY
ACCOMPLISH?
Portuguese Explorers:
Henry the Navigator
Son of King John I of Portugal, given name was Prince Henry.
 Became known as Henry the Navigator (early 1400s)
 Henry did not explore himself.
 Became a patron and supporter of those wishing to explore for
Portugal.
 Trained other explorers, mapmakers, astronomers and others
interested in navigation
 From this training “court” , Henry sent expeditions to explore the
western coast of Africa.
 These explorations led Portugal to settle the Azores and Madeira
Islands.
 Also discovered a great deal about Africa’s coast, including the fact
that both gold and slaves were available in the area.
 Prince Henry’s ultimate goal was to discover a water route around Africa to
India.
 However Prince Henry died before this goal could be accomplished, but
Portuguese explorers did not abandon their attempts to find such a
route.
BARTOLOMEU DIAS (PORTUGAL)

Attempted to complete Prince Henry’s goal of
finding a water route around Africa to India.
 Dias
and his crew attempted to sail around the tip
of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in 1488, thus making
him the first European to attempt this.
 Dias
and his crew might have sailed further but were
forced to turn back due to bad weather and violent
storms.
VASCO DA GAMA (PORTUGAL)

In 1497, excited by Dias’s success, da Gama
and his crew set out for India.
 After
a 10 month journey and several stops at
African ports, da Gama and his crew were the 1st to
sail around the tip of Africa to India.
PEDRO CABRAL (PORTUGAL)




Da Gama’s return caused great excitement in Portugal.
Pedro Cabral was hurriedly sent to further examine the route
taken by da Gama.
Cabral sailed further west, closer to South America, to avoid the
windless Gulf of Guinea.
 Claimed Brazil for Portugal
Cabral was able to better use the wind off the coast of Brazil
and ultimately claimed the land for Portugal.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI
Italian in the service of the Portugal.
 In 1502, Vespucci sailed along the eastern
coast of South America and determined it was
not Asia, but a new land.
 Later mapmakers named the land “America” in
his honor.

VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA (SPAIN)
Now knowing that they had found a new land,
the Spanish set out to explore it.
 In 1513 Balboa led an expedition across the
Isthmus of Panama.
 After more than three weeks, Balboa and his
men became the first Europeans to see the
Pacific Ocean.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN (SPAIN)

After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross
another ocean to reach Asia.



Magellan was given the task to answer this question in 1519.
Magellan was born in Portugal, but funded by Spain, he set sail with
five ships and approximately 250 men.




His journey was long and difficult, including the mutiny of some of his
men.
He reached the Philippine Islands after months at sea.
Magellan was killed in a fight against native people.
His men, led by Juan Sebastian de Elcano, sailed on and returned to
Spain in September 1522.


They did not know how large that ocean might be.
Only 18 survived the journey back to Spain.
They were the first to circumnavigate the world.
SPANISH & PORTUGESE EXPLORERS
7. WHO WAS HERNAN CORTES? WHAT DID HE
ACCOMPLISH FOR SPAIN IN MEXICO?


Cortes moved from the Caribbean to the mainland to set up colonies
He was a “conquistador” or conquerer whom fought against the
native peoples of the Americas.



Conquered the Aztecs and their ruler Moctezuma II.
The Aztecs were extremely powerful in this region, and hated by other
tribes.


Lured by rumors of vast amounts of gold and silver.
Cortes took advantage of this, using other tribes to help him defeat the
Aztecs.
Cortes entered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on November 8,
1519 with his soldiers and thousands of natives who wished to
overthrow the Aztecs.


Moctezuma II was killed in the battle of Tenochtitlan
After months of fighting, Cortes took the city and the entire Aztec
empire.
8. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID CORTES HAVE IN HIS
BATTLE AGAINST THE AZTECS?






Malinche, a female who was used as a translator of the
Aztec language.
Enlisted help from other native groups who hated the
Aztecs.
Metal weapons
Heavy armor
Guns
Horses


Horses had never been seen by the natives and the large animals
terrified them
Disease

Mumps, measles, smallpox, and typhus
AZTECS


The agricultural activities were undertaken completely by human
power.
The capital of their empire (Tenochtitlan) was a city larger than
Rome.



The materials used for making any kind of tools were only stones and
wood.
Aztecs believed that the gods demanded payment, perhaps an
offering of food or a sacrifice of quail.


In its beauty it resembled Venice, set in the middle of a lake with canals
for streets
For the new fire ceremony and other important feasts it was necessary
to make the "human payment" — the sacrifice of a human being
Poor Aztec families sold their children to get some
money to live.

The sold children would be treated as slaves.
9. WHO WAS FRANCISCO PIZARRO? WHAT DID
HE DO TO THE INCAS?




Led an expedition to Peru about 10 years after Cortes with 160 men.
 Pizarro had heard of the riches of the Inca Empire.
The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was vastly different
 Weakened by smallpox, thousands died, including the emperor
 Civil war had broken out with a new ruler emerging and Cortes used this
to his advantage.
 Atahualpa had just taken over when Pizarro arrived
Atahualpa met with the Spanish in 1532
 Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity, Atahualpa
refused, and was taken prisoner.
Even though the Incas gave Pizarro a fortune in gold and silver, the Spanish
killed him and headed toward the capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco.
 They captured the city, destroyed the army, and took over the empire
 A rumor began to grow of a mountain kingdom, richer than even the
Inca had been, somewhere in northern South America.
 Thousands of men set out in dozens of expeditions to find this city of
gold called El Dorado.
INCAS







The Incas created a highway and
road system in Peru with over 18,000 miles of roads.
The Incas were the first to cultivate the potato in Peru.
The Incas used a system of knotted and colored strings, a ‘quipu’ for
records, math and possibly even language.
The Incas used a dry masonry method to construct buildings without mortar
using stones fit so perfectly together that nothing can slip between them
and it proved to be extremely resistant to earthquakes.
The Incas used advanced farming techniques such as canals and ditches to
irrigate their crops in Peru.
The Incas administered intelligence tests to Incan children and based on
their results they were either taught a trade or sent to school to become
administrators or part of the nobility.
Machu Picchu, a city 8000 feet in the Andes Mountains, is the most
amazing urban area built by the Incas.

Even today, it is a favorite place for tourists.
10. HOW DID THE SPANISH CREATE AN EMPIRE
IN THE AMERICAS?


After conquering the Aztecs and Incas, the Spanish began to use the land.
Spanish king chose officials or viceroys to rule large sections of land.

Peninsulares were Spanish settlers living in the Americas.
 Mestizos were a population of mixed Spanish and Native American
people.
The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of gold and
silver, though farming was also common
 Native Americans were used to mine and farm
However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native population,
which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to
only 4 million
Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans and
called on others to protect those who remained
Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who was vocal about Indian treatment
 He recommended replacing them with imported Africans slaves, this
became common in the Americas





Encomienda system allowed land owners to use native labor, but they must
treat fairly and respectfully.
11. WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM ON THE NATIVE
AMERICANS?



Disastrous
Overwork and
mistreatment took a
horrendous toll
Even worse were diseases



Smallpox
Tuberculosis
Measles


Native Americans had no
resistance to these
illnesses, and millions died
As many as 90%
12. WHAT INFLUENCE DID THE PORTUGUESE
HAVE IN THE NEW WORLD?
Cabral claimed land in present-day Brazil in 1500.
 During the 1530s, colonists began settling Brazil’s
coastal region.
 Finding little gold or silver, settlers began growing
sugar cane.
 Clearing out large areas of land, the Portuguese
built giant sugar plantations.
 Demand for sugar in Europe was great, thus
Portugal became enriched and settled even more
land for sugar.

13. HOW DID SPAIN PUSH IT’S INFLUENCE
FURTHER NORTH?

Spain’s American colonies helped make Spain the richest and most
powerful nation in the world during the 16th century.


Thus, Spain pushed further north into present-day America seeking
settlement and wealth.


It put together a powerful navy and army.
In 1541, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an expedition throughout
present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
Coronado found little wealth, thus the Spanish monarchy assigned
mostly priests to explore and colonize the future United States.

These priests had come in
search of converts to Christianity.
14. HOW DID THE END OF THE ENCOMIENDA
SYSTEM LEAD TO THE USE OF ENSLAVED
AFRICANS?




Spain abolished the encomienda system in 1542, due
to resistance by native peoples.
As a result of a shortage of Native Americans and the
excessive cost of indentured servants, millions of
Africans were captured and forcibly taken to the
Americas before the slave trade ended in the 1800s
Most came from the coast of West Africa, between
Senegal and Angola
Some slaves were supplied by African
rulers in exchange for European
firearms or other goods
15. WHY WAS THE PUEBLO VICTORY OVER THE
SPANIARDS IN 1680 SIGNIFICANT?
Showed that Spain was not invincible and that
even after 70 years the natives of present-day
New Mexico, would not be subdued.
 Natives in New Mexico had been forced to risk
their lives in silver mines.
 By the late 1600s, the rulers of Spain had far
greater concerns.

 The
other nations of Europe had begun to establish
their own colonies in the Americas.
SECTION 2 (PAGES 127--131)

European Nations Settle
North America
 European Powers begin
to establish colonies
and empires
 Several European
nations fought for
control of North
America, and England
emerged victorious.
 These English settlers in
North America left a
legacy of law and
government that guides
the U.S. today.
1. WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS?
WHY DID FEW COLONISTS ORIGINALLY MOVE TO
BRAZIL?

Signed in 1494




Drew an imaginary line through the
Atlantic
Everything west of the line, including
most of the Americas belonged to
Spain.
Portugal owned all land east of the
line.
Of the Americas, only Brazil
remained as a Portuguese colony.
Brazil’s huge jungles made
development difficult for both
farming and mining
 Eventually developed a plantation
system with Indian labor-Turned to
African Slavery
Gold and Silver from Portugal and
Spanish Colonies encouraged other
European nations to attempt to make
colonies

2. WHAT DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH
EXPLORERS HOPE TO FIND?
A shorter route to Asia.
 New trading partners.
 Search for Northwest Passage.
 Possible riches

3. WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE IN THE FRENCH, DUTCH,
AND ENGLISH COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS?


After seeing the riches being brought back from the Americas by Spain and Portugal;
France, England and the Netherlands decided to establish colonies there.
French explorers established several colonies in New France or present-day Canada.






They did not find gold or silver, but the North Atlantic swarming with fish.
Furs were also sold for high prices in Europe.
The French & Dutch befriended many Native American tribes
Unlike the Spanish & Portuguese, the French did not enslave Native Americans.
Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608.
In 1682 Rene-Robert La Salle canoed down the entire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.


The Dutch settled in New Netherland, located on the Hudson River



He claimed this area for France and called it Louisiana (after King Louis XIV.
They bought land which is the island of Manhattan and called it New Amsterdam, present day
New York City.
Population remained small
The English established Jamestown, Virginia in 1607


Many colonists died during the first winter, but the colony endured.
The Pilgrims settled in present day Plymouth, Massachusetts
ENGLISH EXPLORERS




England’s rulers wanted to find a
shorter route to Asia than
Magellan had found.
Hudson, a Dutch-born sailor, set
out in 1607.
 He was looking for a NW
passage, but found nothing
but ice and returned to
England.
Sailed two more times for the
English and once for the Dutch.
He explored land along the NE
coast of the present-day United
States

Explored three waterways, named
after him—the Hudson River,
Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait..
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLISH)


Like the Spanish, the English soon realized that they
had not reached Asia, but a previously unknown land.
Drake was sent by the English queen in 1577 to explore.




He was to round the tip of South America and explore its
west coast.
After stopping in present-day California, Drake sailed north
to seek a route around North America back to the Atlantic.
However, the weather proved to be too cold, and he ended
up heading west around the world to get back to England.
He became the 2nd man to circumnavigate the globe.
JOHN CABOT

English Explorer
 John
Cabot (1497)
 First
major English voyage of discovery, launched just a
few years after Columbus.

 On
Landed on the Atlantic coast, present-day Canada, like
Columbus, he thought he was in Asia.
his 2nd trip, he and his crew never returned,
presumed to have sunk.
DUTCH EXPLORERS (NETHERLANDS)
In the early 1600s, the Netherlands—once a Spanish
possession—had become a powerful trading nation.
Henry Hudson (1609)
 Explored Hudson River, but never found a NW
passage.


The river was actually discovered by Giovanni da
Verazzano (Italy) an explorer sailing for France.
Sailing for the Dutch he was hoping to find new
trading partners and new products.
4. WHO WERE THE FRENCH EXPLORERS?
Like the English, the French wanted to find a passage to
Asia.
Samuel de Champlain help found Canadian city of Quebec.
 Jacques Cartier (1534) was sent to find the NW
passage.
 He sailed passed Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence
River and claimed this land for France.


He called it the province of New France, which became
Canada later.
Other French explorers continued to
look for this NW passage,
but never found it.
5. WHO WAS GIOVANNI DA VERAZZANO? WHOM
DID HE SAIL FOR?

Actually discovered the Hudson River and
explored Hudson Bay in 1524.
 Also
discovered what is today New York harbor.
Verazzano was an Italian in the service of
France.
 Sought a northern sea route to the Pacific.

6. WHY WERE THE MISSISSIPPI AND ST.
LAWRENCE RIVERS IMPORTANT TO THE
FRENCH?
The rivers allowed the French to transport furs
from the interior and get supplies from Europe.
 This area first explored by Jesuit priest Jacques
Marquette and trader Louis Joliet in 1673.
 Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi
area and claimed this area for France.
 He named it Louisiana in honor of the French king,
Louis XIV.
 By the early 1700s, New France covered much of
what is now the Midwestern United States and
eastern Canada.

7. WHY WERE FRANCE’S NORTH AMERICAN
HOLDINGS SO SPARSELY POPULATED?
France’s North American empire was immense.
 Most of the settlers were priests or fur trappers
who had no desire to build towns or start
families.
 The French were less interested in occupying
territories than they were in making money off
the land.

8. WHERE DID THE ENGLISH SETTLE IN NORTH
AMERICA?
Jamestown
 Inspired by the Spanish and French, King
James chartered a colony in North America.

 Investors
backed the colony financially.
In early 1607, three ships and about 100
settlers reached the coast of Virginia.
 They claimed the land as their own and named
the colony Jamestown.

9. WHAT HAPPENED AT JAMESTOWN?






The colony’s start was disastrous.
Most settlers were more interested in finding gold than in
planting crops.
During the first few years, seven out of every ten people died
of hunger, disease, or battles with Native Americans.
Despite this nightmarish start, the colonists eventually
gained a foothold in their new land.
Jamestown became the first permanent settlement in North
America.
The colony’s outlook greatly improved after farmers there
discovered tobacco.

High demand in England turned it into a cash crop.
10. HOW WOULD YOU COMPARE AND
CONTRAST THE PURITANS AND PILGRIMS?

The Pilgrims founded the 2nd English colony at Plymouth,
Massachusetts in 1620.


Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, these
colonists sought religious freedom.
The Puritans followed 10 years later and also sought
religious freedom from the Anglican Church.



They established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts
Bay.
They set out to build a model community for Christians, and
experienced early difficulties.
Their ultimate success was due to the families in the
colonies as opposed to single, male population in
Jamestown.
11. HOW DID THE DUTCH AND FRENCH
COLONIES REACT DIFFERENTLY TO ENGLISH
EXPANSION?

The Dutch (Netherlands) claimed the land along the
waterways discovered by Hudson.





They established fur trade with the Iroquois Indians.
They built trading posts along the Hudson River on presentday Manhattan Island in New York.
The Dutch holdings in North America became known as New
Netherland.
Later in 1664, the Dutch surrendered New Netherland to
the English, without a shot being fired and renamed it New
York.
France, on the other hand, fought the English fiercely,
realizing that its vast American empire was at stake.
12. HOW WAS THE CARIBBEAN COLONIZED?
The French seized control of present-day Haiti,
Guadeloupe and Martinique.
 The English settled Barbados and Jamaica.
 The Dutch captured what are now the Netherlands
Antilles and Aruba from Spain.
 On these islands, the Europeans built huge cotton
and sugar plantations.


These products required intensive labor to be grown,
thus enslaved Africans would eventually fill this void.
13. WHO WAS BLACKBEARD?


Privately owned armed ships, known as privateers,
attacked merchant ships of enemy nations and sank or
robbed them.
Also patrolling the high seas were pirates, who attacked
ships and did not care whom they represented.




They attacked the ships for their valuables.
Edward B. Teach became known as Blackbeard and was
one of the best-known pirates.
He died in 1718, when a British navy crew trapped his ship
off the coast of North Carolina.
It is said that Blackbeard died with more than 25 wounds.
14. WHAT HAPPENED BETWEEN ENGLAND AND
FRANCE IN THE MID-1700S?

In 1754 a dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley led to a
war between the British and French on the North American
continent.




This became known as the French and Indian War.
The war became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven
Years’ War.
Britain and France fought for supremacy in Europe, the West
Indies, and India.
In North America, the British colonists, with help of the
British Army, defeated the French in 1763.



Native Americans also fought on both sides.
The French surrendered their holdings and the British seized
control of the eastern half of North America.
This agreement became known as the Treaty of Paris.
TREATY OF PARIS 1763
15. WHAT WAS THE OVERRIDING ATTITUDE OF
THE BRITISH TOWARD THE NATIVE AMERICANS?




For the most part, the French and Dutch colonists lived
together peacefully with the Native Americans in North
America.
However, the British believed their civilization was
superior and that they were therefore entitled to take
and use native land as saw fit.
The English also sought to populate their colonies in
North America, thus pushing the natives off their land.
Differences in religious beliefs heightened tensions
between the English and the Native Americans.
16. WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE
BETWEEN THE NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE
BRITISH?


The hostility between the English settlers and Native
Americans led to warfare.
During the 1600s the colonists and Native Americans
killed hundreds of each other.


1622—Powhatan tribe attacks colonial villages near
Jamestown, killing about 350 settlers.
1675—King Philips War. Metacom, also know as King Philip,
led attacks on colonial villages.


Both sides massacred hundreds of victims.
Metacom later died in battle and had his head removed
and displayed at Plymouth by the Puritans.
17. WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF DISEASE
SPREADING THROUGH THE NATIVE AMERICAN
POPULATION?



Like the Spanish in Central and South America, the
Europeans who settled North America brought several
diseases.
These diseases devastated the native population of North
America.
1616—Smallpox epidemic ravaged the New England coast




Massachusett tribe lost over 23,000 of its people by 1631.
Whole tribes from South Carolina to Missouri, nearly lost it’s
inhabitants from smallpox, measles and other diseases.
This loss of native population hurt the labor market for the
colonies.
Started shipping in Africans to work in the fields.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Section 3

Pages 132-136
To meet their growing
needs, Europeans
enslaved millions of
Africans in the Americas.
 Descendants of enslaved
Africans represent a
significant part of the
Americas’ population
today.

1. WHAT LED TO THE BEGINNING OF THE
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE?
A shortage of labor in the Americas
 European planters in the Americas needed
large numbers of workers on their plantations
 Planters first used Native Americans as workers

 Disease
and poor treatment had killed millions
2. WHAT KIND OF LABOR WAS USED IN THE
1600S, BUT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO SUSTAIN?

Indentured servants
 These
people worked for a set period of time in
exchange for passage to the Americas from Europe
 These
workers were expensive to support
3. WHY WERE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL THE EARLY
LEADERS IN THE SLAVE TRADE?

They were the first colonizers and needed labor to work
mines and plantations in the Caribbean and in South
America.


By 1650, 300,000 had been enslaved by Spain.


Sugar plantations required a large supply of workers to make
them profitable for their owners in Brazil and the Caribbean.
Portugal—During the 1600s 40% of slaves went to Brazil.
Spain and Portugal had used Native Americans as a source
of cheap labor.


However, disease, warfare, and brutal treatment had decimated
their population.
Thus, they turned to the cheap labor of African slaves.
4. HOW HAD SLAVERY EXISTED IN AFRICA?
The spread of Islam into Africa during the 7th
century, ushered in an era of slavery.
 Muslim rulers justified slavery by their belief in the
right to buy and sell prisoners of war.
 Between 650 and 1600, some 17 million Africans
had been transported to the Muslim lands of
North Africa and Southwest Asia.
 However, these slaves had some rights including:
social mobility, freedom, and even positions in the
government and military.

5. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID EUROPEANS SEE IN
ENSLAVING AFRICANS?
Many Africans had been exposed to European
diseases and had built up some immunity.
 Many Africans had experience in farming and
could be taught plantation work.
 Africans were less likely to escape because
they did not know their way around the new
land.
 Their skin color made it easier to catch them if
they escaped and tried to live among others.

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
6. HOW WAS BRITISH INVOLVEMENT IN THE
SLAVE TRADE SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE
SPANISH?
 As England’s colonies grew in America, Britain
began to dominate the slave trade.
 From 1690 until 1807, England was the leading
carrier of enslaved Africans.
 By the time the slave trade ended nearly 1.7
million slaves had been sent to the Caribbean
and another 400,000 to the United States.
 The number of slaves grew to a total of 2
million by 1830.
7. ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS’ ESTIMATES,
HOW MANY AFRICANS WERE SHIPPED TO THE
AMERICAS AGAINST THEIR WILL? HOW LONG
DID IT LAST?
 Most historians believe it was between 15-20
million
 The Atlantic slave trade lasted for 400 years
8. IN WHAT WAYS DID THE CONDITIONS OF THE
MIDDLE PASSAGE WORK AGAINST THE
INTERESTS OF THE EUROPEAN MERCHANTS?
African men and women were shipped to the
Americas as part of a profitable trade network.
 Most had been captured by African merchants,
with the help of local rulers.
 Along the way, millions of Africans died.

9. WHERE DID THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ORIGINATE?

Along a triangular route connecting traders in
Europe, Africa, and the Americas
 1st leg--European goods to Africa
 2nd leg—Middle passage brought
for slaves
slaves to the
Americas to be sold as slaves
 3rd leg—Carried American products such as sugar,
tobacco, and rice to Europe

Throughout history, slavery has existed in many
parts of the world, including Africa
TRIANGULAR TRADE
10. WHAT WAS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE? WHO
WAS OLAUDAH EQUIANO?
The second leg of the triangular trade route,
bringing Africans to the Americans to be sold as
slaves
 It was a terrifying ordeal



Captive Africans were chained together and forced into
dark, cramped quarters below the ship’s decks.
In many cases, the Africans were packed into such
a small space that they could neither sit not stand

Olaudah Equiano wrote about the horrific conditions
11. HOW LONG DID THE TRIP TAKE TO THE
AMERICAS? HOW MANY SLAVES DIED ON THE
JOURNEY?
 The journey usually lasted three to six weeks
 Between 10 and 20 percent did not survive the
trip.
 Those
that survived, faced more horror
 The
auction block and an uncertain future
12. DESCRIBE THE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR
ENSLAVED PEOPLE.





Upon arriving in the Americas, captured Africans usually
were auctioned off to the highest bidder.
Conditions were harsh
Many owners and overseers inflicted degrading physical
punishment for minor offenses.
Enslaved people frequently had to endure brutal
treatment and abuse
Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the short
hours at the end of the workday

Daily tasks such as cooking, mending clothing and tending
the sick had to be fit in around the work they performed for
their slaveholders
13. HOW DID AFRICANS RESIST SLAVERY?
By slowing work, destroying equipment,
committing acts of sabotage, revolting, or
running away
 Remember slaves had no rights and no
freedoms
 They were considered property
 Many tried, and were successful in escaping
from their owners.

 Harsh
punishment if they were caught.
14. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOST
TRAGIC RESULT OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE?
WHAT WAS AFRICAN DIASPORA?
Slavery deprived millions of people of their
freedom and doomed their descendants to lives of
forced servitude
 In Africa, the effects of the slave trade were
profound

Strongest young people were taken—future leaders
 Divided Africans against one another
 African Diaspora

 The

spreading of African culture throughout the Western world
African culture, food, music, art, and religion
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL
TRADE

Section 4



Pages 137-141
The colonization of
America introduced new
items into the Eastern
and Western
hemispheres.
The global exchange of
goods permanently
changed Europe, Asia,
Africa, and the Americas
1. HOW DID EXPLORATION RESULT IN A NEW
EXCHANGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS?
As contact increased between Europe and the
Americas, plants, animals, and disease
traveled from the “Old” world to the “New”
world.
 Historians call this global transfer the
Columbian Exchange.

 The
horse is a great example, the only
domesticated beast of burden in the Americas was
the llama.
 The
llama only lived in the Andes.
2. WHY IS THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE SO
CALLED? WHAT WAS THE NEGATIVE ASPECT?
It resulted from Christopher Columbus’s initial
contact with the Americas.
 Diseases from Europe was spread to the
Americas.

 Smallpox,
measles, influenza, typhus, malaria, and
diptheria killed millions of Native Americans.
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
3. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE FOR EUROPE, ASIA, &
AFRICA?

New economic activities grew up and national
cuisines changed.
Brought to Europe, Asia, & Africa
 Tomatoes
 Tobacco
 Potatoes & corn

 Became
important and steady part of diets throughout the
world.
 These foods helped people live longer.
Cacao beans (for chocolate)
 Turkey

4. WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF THE COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE FOR THE AMERICAS?

The Americas were introduced to various livestock.
Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs.
 Horses allowed Native Americans to travel farther and
faster.
 They became valuable property.


Food crops also found their way to the Americas.

Bananas, black-eyed peas, yams, wheat, barley, rice
and oats.
5. WHAT IS CAPITALISM?
System in which most economic activity is
carried on by private individuals or
organizations in order to seek a profit
 Created by new wealth from the Americas and
the dramatic growth in overseas trade.
 No longer were governments the sole owners of
great wealth.

 This
wealth was invested in more trade and
overseas exploration.
6. WHY DID PEOPLE FORM JOINT-STOCK
COMPANIES?
To pool their money in an attempt to make a profit
 This was a way to fund ever-larger businesses
 These “investors” bought shares of stock in the
company.
 If the company did well, each shareholder would
receive a portion of the profit


If a company did not do well, a shareholder was only
lost the amount of their shares
 British
East India Company (1600) imported spices
 Virginia Company of London (1607) bankrolled new colonies in
the Americas (Jamestown)
7. WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM, AND HOW DID IT
PUSH THE DRIVE TO ESTABLISH COLONIES?
Mercantilism is a system based on the idea that a
nation’s strength was based on its wealth.
 A wealthy nation had the power to build a strong
military to protect itself and expand its influence.
 As a result, the goal of every nation became the
attainment of as much wealth as possible.


Colonies helped provide this wealth in the form of gold
and silver, as well as raw materials, and were a market
for the home country to sell it’s goods.
EUROPEAN MERCHANTILISM
8. HOW DID THE DESIRE TO CREATE A
FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE HELP LEAD TO
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIES?
European powers wanted to establish colonies so
that they could control sources of raw materials
 Also, to provide new markets for manufactured
goods
 With a favorable balance of trade, a country
received more gold and silver from other nations
than it paid to them


Thus the belief was that a nation’s power increased
and weakened its foreign competitors
9. HOW DID NATIONS CREATE A FAVORABLE
BALANCE OF TRADE?
They reduced the amount of import goods by
placing tariffs or taxes on them.
 They also encouraged exports, and controlled
overseas sources of raw materials and precious
metals.
 Government encouraged exports by providing
subsidies, or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new business
 A nation’s ultimate goal was to become selfsufficient, not dependent on other countries for
goods.

10. HOW DID EUROPEAN MONARCHS RESTRICT
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THEIR COLONIES TO
MAKE SURE THAT THE COLONIES BENEFITED
ONLY THE HOME COUNTRY?
Forbidding colonists to sell raw materials to any
nation other than the home country
 Also, by forcing colonies to buy manufactured
goods only from their home countries and
forbidding them from manufacturing goods
themselves

 In
the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to
benefit the home country
11. WHAT IMPACT DID MERCANTILISM HAVE ON
SOCIETY?
Towns and cities grew as business activity
increased
 A new class of wealthier merchants emerged
who began to wield more power in their towns

 Enjoyed

some social mobility
However, rural life remained mostly the same
 Most
people remained poor
12. HOW DID GLOBAL TRADE LEAD TO THE RISE
OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE?
Global trade provided opportunities for
individuals to invest money and build wealth
 This overseas trade made many merchants
rich, and this wealth enabled them to invest in
other business ventures.
 Business activity in Europe increased markedly
