Transcript Global History and Geography

Global History and
Geography
Midterm Review
Primary Source
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Document created at the time of the
event by the person experiencing it or
witnessing the event.
Ex. Diaries, autobiographies
Secondary Source
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Information written by an authority
who reports on an event, person,
place or thing.
Example-biography
archipelago
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A chain of islands
Example- Japan
Ancient civilizations
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Settled in river valleys
Provided fertile soil and rivers for
trade.
First river valley civilizationMesopotamia. Fertile Crescent
Culture
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The customs and way of life of a
group of people.
Cultural Diffusion
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When part of one culture spreads to
another.
Example- we eat Chinese food in the
U.S.
Cultural Trait
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Characteristics include: language,
clothes, homes, family organization,
rituals and foods.
Can include people’s crafts, arts and
religious beliefs.
Ethnocentrism
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The belief that your culture is superior
to all other cultures.
Example- Chinese developed this
belief because their geography
isolated them from other cultures.
Ancient Greece
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Major contribution AthensDEMOCRACY.
Sparta- totalitarian- military
dictatorship.
City-States- Isolated communities
separated by mountains and seas.
Ancient Rome
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Republic-leaders were elected. Three
branches of government-Senate, Assembly
and Two Consuls. **Twelve Tables of LawBasis for Western law.
Empire-Expand territory. DictatorshipJulius Caesar, Augustus- Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”.
Constantine accepts Christianity
Achievements: law, Christianity, architecture
Traditional India
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Hinduism- Karma, Dharma and
reincarnation.
Caste System-determines your
occupation, marriage, where you live
etc.
Buddhism
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4 Noble Truths-Life is suffering,
suffering is caused by desire, you can
end suffering, follow the 8 fold path.
Reincarnation- nirvana.
Began in Nepal by Siddhartha
Guatama.
Cultural diffusion-spread to India,
China, Korea and Japan.
Islam
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5 Pillars of Faith- Faith in Allah, Pray 5X a
day, almsgiving, pilgrimage to Mecca,
fasting during Ramadan.
Pakistan is predominantly Muslim.
Partitioning of India 1947 because of
fighting between Hindus and Muslims.
Holy Book- Koran
Confucius
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Found in China
5 Relationships- everyone has a place.
Respect elders.
Value education
Combine with Buddhism because
Confucianism is a philosophy.
Created a male dominated society.
Judaism
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First monotheistic religion.
Believe in the Old Testament or Torah.
Ten Commandments given to Moses
by God.
Enslaved by the pharaohs in Egypt.
Moses freed them- Exodus.
Diaspora- when Romans forced Jews
out of Israel.
Christianity
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Based on beliefs and life of Jesus
Christ.
After his death apostles spread
Christianity.
Jesus is the son of God. After death
was resurrected and rose to heaven.
Bible- Old Testament and New
Testament.
Byzantine Empire (eastern
part of Roman Empire)
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Preserved ancient cultures: ancient
Greek and Roman texts were saved.
Code of Justinian- consolidated Roman
laws into one law code used by the
West.
New form of Christianity- Eastern
Orthodox Church- led by emperor in
Constantinople rather than the Pope.
Medieval Europe (fall of
Rome to the 1400’s)
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Feudalism-decentralized government.
Manorialism-economic system-each
manor is self-sufficient.
Catholic Church-very powerful,
preserved learning, pay tithe.
Crusades-holy wars to gain back
Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Unsuccessful, but led to trade.
Japan
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Feudalism- decentralized government,
strict class system. Compared to
Europe during Middle Ages.
Samurai-warriors
Code of Bushido- honor code for
samurai (compared to chivalry in
Europe). Honorable to die.
Golden Age
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A period of peace and prosperity with
many achievements taking place.
Gupta-Hindu culture
Renaissance- rebirth of learning
Athens- democracy
Achievements in art, literature, science
etc.
Renaissance
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Rebirth of learning. Waking up from
“Dark Ages.” Renewed interest in
Ancient Greece and Rome.
Humanism- philosophy stressing the
importance of the individual.
Achievements in art, science, literature
People-DaVinci “The Renaissance
Man”, Michelangelo
Protestant Reformation
1517
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Martin Luther protested the Catholic
Church.
Against Sale of Indulgences- paying
for forgiveness of sins.
95 Theses- lists of disagreements.
He is excommunicated (kicked out).
Weakened the power of the Catholic
Church.
Mandate of Heaven and
Divine Right
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Mandate of Heaven- China- belief
that the ruling family is divinely
chosen. When a natural disaster
takes place it is a sign that they
have lost the mandate.
Divine Right- European belief that
god selects you to be king. Ex.
Louis XIV
Ancient African Kingdoms
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Ghana- trade of gold and salt.
Mali- Mansa Musa- spread of Islam.
Scientific Revolution
1650
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Experimentation rather than
observation.
Scientific Method.
Galileo- telescope, inquisition.
Copernicus- heliocentric theory.
Newton- Law of Gravity
The Enlightenment
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New ways of thinking about nature and
government.
Locke-right to life, liberty and property
(unalienable rights). If your government
takes away these rights you have the right
to rebellion (social contract).
Declaration of Independence, Constitution,
French Revolution.
Peter and Catherine the
Great
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Warm Water Port- Baltic and Black
Sea. (Window to the West)
Westernize
French Revolution
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Causes: Estate system, taxation
Effects/Results: Napoleon, Military
dictatorship. Napoleonic Code.
Rise of nationalism in France.
Latin American
Independence
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Simon Bolivar- “George Washington of
South America” “The Liberator” –
freed Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
and Peru. Wanted a united Gran
Colombia.
Toussant L’Overture- slave who freed
Haiti from France. Died in a French
prison.
Social Class system in
Latin America
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Peninsulares- born in Spain living in
South America.
Creoles- parents born in Spain. First
generation in Latin America.
Mestizos- mixed ancestory.
Nationalism
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Pride in ones country.
United people.
Makes them want independence.
Must have common language, customs
and traditions.
Unification of Italy and
Germany
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Germany was Prussia- Otto
von Bismarck “Blood and
Iron” – use military force.
Italy- Cavour- architect of
Italian unification.
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
conquered the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies.
Industrial Revolution
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Began in Britain- island, capital, labor.
Introduction of steam engine: James
Watt.
Move from making goods at home by
hand to factory by machine (mass
production).
Prices declined.
Karl Marx
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Communism
Classless society. Everyone equal.
Class struggle would lead to
revolution.
Government ownership.
Imperialism
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When a stronger country takes over a
weaker one.
New Economic
Imperialism
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After the Industrial Revolution,
European nations looked to Africa and
Asia for natural resources and markets
for goods (rather than Gold, God and
Glory- Old Imperialism).
Africa
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Scramble for Africa- race by Europeans
to claim colonies in Africa.
White Man’s Burden- European belief
that they were racially superior and
were obligated to spread their culture.
Justification for imperialism.
India
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British rule- destroy cottage industries.
Force Indians to buy British
manufactured goods.
Gandhi gains independence. Also
wanted peace between Hindus and
Muslims. Equality for untouchables.
Passive Resistance and Civil
disobedience. Salt March.
China
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Opium War- British sell Opium to
China. China tries to stop sale,
destroys Opium- British defeat- Treaty
of Nanking.
Spheres of Influence- economic
control over a nation.
Boxer Rebellion- kill foreigners in
China.
Japan
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Opening Japan- Commodore Matthew
Perry 1853.
Meiji Restoration- westernize and
modernize Japan.
World War I
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Causes: MANIA: militarism,
alliances, nationalism, imperialism
and assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand.
Treaty of Versailles ended WWIharsh treaty meant to punish
Germany. Had to admit full
responsibility for the war, pay
damages, occupied by troops.
Russian Revolution
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Causes: class system, taxation,
lifestyle of Czars.
Led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Establish Russia as first Communist
Country.
Lenin: NEP- New Economic Policyintroduced elements of capitalism.
Stalin
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5 year plan- goal to industrialize.
Glorification- signs, statues, pictures.
Purges- eliminate anyone who
opposes him.
Collectivization of farms. Created man
made famine.