Transcript The American Revolution - High School of Language and Innovation

The American Revolution’s Influence On
Others…

The U.S. Constitution created the most
liberal government of its time. Other
nations would copy the ideas in this
document.

The success of the American Revolution
would inspire major global changes as
other peoples challenged the power of
absolute monarchs.
The French Revolution
…A major transformation of the society
and political system of France, lasting
from 1789 to 1799.
During the course of the Revolution,
France was temporarily transformed
from an absolute monarchy, where the
king monopolized power, to a republic
of theoretically free and equal citizens.
Citation: www.encarta.com
The effects of the French Revolution
were widespread, both inside and
outside of France, and the Revolution
ranks as one of the most important
events in the history of Europe.
Europe, 1789
What advice would you give to someone in
France who is helping start a revolution?
What is something you would like to say to
or ask of King Louis XVI?
Was it time for a revolution in France?
Explain.
Do we need a new government in the
United States? Explain.
How did the Third Estate act on their anger
and frustrations?
Predict what YOU think will happen to the
King & Queen of France…
What should now happen to King
Louis XVI & Queen Marie
Antoinette?
King & Queen are now held as prisoners
Third Estate has now formed the National
Assembly
What should happen next?
How did the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and Citizen affect people’s lives in
France?
What is one freedom YOU believe is
absolutely indispensable (that you cannot
do without)?
Vocab. Section
aristocracy~ upper class governing body
usually made up of people (aristocrats)
who inherit power
despotism~ when a ruler has unlimited or
absolute power
incorruptible~to not become corrupted
(changed in a bad way)
Vocab. Section
deficit~ lack of something; not enough
Kingdom (controlled by a king)
5 Causes of the French Revolution
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY: People in
France were being denied basic rights & say
in government.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY: The Third
Estate—made up of the middle class, poor
workers, and rural peasants—grew
increasingly discontent.
King Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Pope Pius VI
At the outbreak of the French Revolution,
Pius VI witnessed the suppression of the
old Gallican Church, the confiscation of
pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions
in France, and an effigy of himself burnt
by the Parisians at the Palais Royal.
Does France Need a New
Government? Is it Time for a
Revolution?
First Estate (Pope, priest)
Second Estate (King, Queen, two nobles)
Third Estate (peasants, shopkeepers, doctors,
lawyers, etc.)
1. SPEAK OUT! Work with your Estate to state
your position on the two questions above.
2. The Pope will be the mediator in a debate
between the peoples.
Does France Need a New
Government? Is it Time for a
Revolution?
[role play the storming of the Bastille]
Citation for previous slide:
http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/bkhan/i
mages/can...
ECONOMIC INJUSTICES: Government
spent more money than it earned & this
debt added to the tax burden of the Third
Estate.
Bad harvests in 1789 caused food prices to
rise and hungry peasants & city dwellers
began to riot, demanding bread.
ENLIGHTENMENT: New ideas from this
period led many French to question the
traditional hierarchy of society.
ENGLISH & AMERICAN EXAMPLES:
The Glorious Revolution & the American
Revolution provided inspiration for how
existing authority could be challenged.
CITATION for following slides:
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French
Revolution”
…a collaboration of the Center for History and
New Media (George Mason University) and
American Social History Project (City University
of New York), supported by grants from the
Florence Gould Foundation and the National
Endowment for the Humanities
Divi—split
In– to not
Indivisible– to not separate; to stay
together as one
Riot!
This image chronicles a riot.
Many believe it was
caused by artisans who
attacked the Reveillon
wallpaper shop and
factory because they
believed that the owner
was about to lower
wages. Over two days,
more than 6,000 attacked
the place. On 28 April
troops were called and
fired on the crowd.
July 14, 1789 [Do Not Write]
Throughout the next three days, crowds gathered to protest the high
bread prices; royal troops sent to quell any disturbance instead
fraternized with the demonstrators. On 14 July they allowed—even
helped—a group looking for arms with which to take over the city
search the royal veterans' hospital, but without success. At the same
time, another crowd was swarming around the Bastille, a medieval
royal fortress that loomed above the workers' neighborhoods at the
eastern edge of the city.
Lightly armed, but still impregnable to the thronging crowd, the Bastille
could have held out longer, but when the threat to their position
seemed to be increasing, its defenders did not really have the
stomach for a fight and lowered the drawbridge, allowing the crowd
into the courtyard. As a result of a miscommunication, the troops
fired a volley into the crowd trapped within the outer walls, setting off
a pitched battle that culminated in the commander's surrender,
capture, and rapid beheading.
Storming the Bastille
S
July 14, 1789
Seizure of the Bastille: Working-class people
stormed a prison called the Bastille on this
date. Fighting broke out throughout the city
of Paris and the countryside.
In a period known as the Great Fear, peasants
attacked nobles and destroyed they’re
homes.
The Third Estate declared itself the
National Assembly and vowed to write a
new constitution for France.
The National Assembly abolished the
privileges of the First and Second Estates
and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen.
This Declaration was based partly on the
Declaration of Independence & contained
many Enlightenment ideas:
~All men have natural rights
~All male citizens are equal under the law
~Freedom of religion
~Taxes according to what people can afford to
pay
A Limited Monarchy
By 1791, the National Assembly had written a
new constitution, declaring that the
government should protect people’s natural
rights and putting the Church under state
control.
In 1792, France then decided to spread its
revolution by declaring war on Austria,
Prussia, Britain, & several other states.
The wars went badly for France & in 1792
radicals took control of the Assembly &
ended the monarchy, declaring France a
republic*.
*a state in which the supreme power rests in the
body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by
representatives chosen directly or indirectly by
them
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
…the slogan of the new leaders of the
French republic.
In 1793 they executed King Louis XVI & his
wife Marie Antoinette.
[caption for previous slide]
The guillotine was first introduced as a
humane, efficient, and above all modern
form of execution in April 1792; during the
radical phase of the Republic, it would
become the symbol of the Terror. This
engraving suggests the guillotine is
providing "good support for liberty."
[caption for previous slide]
As 80,000 crowded into the square to watch the execution
of Louis XVI, they cannot have been unaware that the
guillotine sat where a statue of Louis XV had been. Here
Sanson, the executioner, snatches the detached head of
Louis XVI to show to the crowd.
He leans forward with approving eagerness. If the head of
the King was the most recognizable old regime symbol,
then the demise of that symbolic system becomes now
complete. Waving on a pike, facing the King, is a
Phrygian cap, now no longer placed on his head, as in
other prints. In this way the engraver indicates a final
severance of a complicated compromise.
Maximilien Robespierre:
He was one of the most
controversial figures in
the French Revolution.
In the cause of
fostering democracy,
Robespierre helped
bring about the Reign
of Terror in which
thousands were
executed by the
guillotine. He eventually
met the same fate.
Reign of Terror [Focus only what is
italicized] Citation: Dr. Kaiser, Professor
of History, University of Arkansas
A new democratic constitution was drawn up but never
implemented: In Robespierre’s view, constitutional
government would have to wait until fear and repression
had eliminated the enemies of the Revolution. The
Jacobins* operated through the existing convention and
agencies responsible to it. They used the Committee of
Public Safety, composed of 12 men led by Robespierre,
to provide executive oversight; the Committee of General
Security, to oversee the police; and the Revolutionary
Tribunal to try political cases.
*By now revolutionaries had split into different factions, representing moderate
& radical elements.
[Copy only what’s italicized]
On September 5 it (the temporary government) approved the Reign
of Terror, a policy through which the state used violence
to crush resistance to the government. On September 9 the
convention established sans-culotte paramilitary forces, the socalled revolutionary armies, to force farmers to surrender grain
demanded by the government.
On September 17 the Law of Suspects was passed, which
authorized the charging of counter-revolutionaries with
vaguely defined “crimes against liberty.” On September 29
the convention extended price-fixing from grain and bread to other
essential goods and fixed wages. On December 4 the national
government resumed oversight of local administration. On February
4, 1794, it abolished slavery in the colonies.
The most notable achievement of the Reign of Terror was
to save the revolutionary government from military
defeat.
The Jacobins expanded the size of the army and replaced
many aristocratic officers, who had deserted and fled
abroad, with younger soldiers who had demonstrated
their ability and patriotism. The revolutionary army threw
back the Austrians, Prussians, English, and Spanish
during the fall of 1793 and expelled the Austrians from
Belgium by the summer of 1794.
[focus on what is underlined]
…about 250,000 people were arrested; 17,000 were tried
and guillotined, many with little if any means to defend
themselves; another 12,000 were executed without trial;
and thousands more died in jail.
Clergy and nobles composed only 15 percent of the Reign
of Terror’s approximately 40,000 victims. The rest were
peasants and bourgeois who had fought against the
Revolution or had said or done something to offend the
new order.
The Reign of Terror executed not only figures from the Old Regime, like
the former queen Marie-Antoinette, but also many revolutionary
leaders. Some victims of the Reign of Terror, like Georges Danton,
seemed too moderate to Robespierre and his colleagues, while
others, like the sans-culotte leader Jacques René Hébert, seemed
too extreme.
Democracy or Dictatorship?
The Reign of Terror was the most radical phase of the Revolution, and
it remains the most controversial. Some have seen the Reign
of Terror as a major advance toward modern
democracy, while others call it a step toward modern
dictatorship.
Napoleon Bonaparte:
Napoleon was the greatest
military genius of the 19th
century. He conquered most
of Western Europe and
Egypt for France, while
instituting reforms in these
new territories aimed at
guaranteeing civil liberties
and improving the quality of
life.
He crowned himself emperor of
France in 1804 and
introduced reforms intended
to unify the revolutionfractured nation. Many of
Napoleon’s reforms are still
in effect today.
Napoleon’s Major Achievements
He controlled prices, supported new industry, and
built roads and canals.
He established a government-supervised public
school system.
The Napoleonic Code: a legal code that included
many Enlightenment ideas, such as the legal
equality of citizens & religious toleration.
AIM: Does General Napoleon Bonaparte
deserve his great fame?
Est-général Napoléon Bonaparte mériter sa
grande renommée?
¿Tiene General Napoleón Bonaparte se
merece su fama tan grande?
Agree or Disagree & WHY:
“I would/will join the U.S. military.”
AIM: Was Napoleon’s impact on the world
more positive or negative?
DO NOW: What is a question you would
ask General Napoleon?
megalomaniac
Napoleon’s Empire at its Greatest
Extent
From 1804-1814, Napoleon ruled an empire
and conquered much of Europe.
He often replaced monarchs of defeated
nations with friends and relatives.
Britain & Russia remained out of Napoleon’s
reach.
[Do Not Write]
Reminders of him dot Paris—the most
obvious being the Arc de Triomphe, the
centerpiece of the city, which was built to
commemorate his victories.
Washington Square Park; Greenwich
Village, NYC
Napoleon’s Fall: 3 Major Causes
1. Most people in conquered states looked on
Napoleon’s armies as foreign oppressors,
leading to nationalism & revolt against
French rule.
2. Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 left
French troops hungry & cold as the
Russians burned crops and villages as they
retreated.
3. An alliance of Russia-Britain-AustriaPrussia defeated Napoleon & forced him to
step down in 1814.
Napoleon returned to power in 1815, but the
British & Prussians defeated him at the
decisive Battle of Waterloo, ending his reign
for good.
2 Major Effects of the French
Revolution
1. Democratic Ideals: Ideals of democracy
were spread throughout Europe, as more
and more people wanted liberty and
equality from absolute monarchs.
2. Nationalism: Feelings of national pride
were inspired, which replaced earlier
loyalty to local authority and the monarch.
Nationalistic feelings spread and Napoleon’s
conquests had a part in the eventual
unification of both Italy & Germany.
Napoleon’s weakening of Spain led to the
Latin American independence movements.