Transcript Final Exam Study Guide

Final Exam Study Guide
1. __________________________
Method
Radiocarbon dating
used to determine the age of artifacts.
2. __________________________
Wise, wise
Homo sapiens, sapiens
human beings.
3. _______________________________
Basic Characteristics of Civilization cities,
government, religion, social structure,
writing, and art.
4. ________________
anthropology study of human life and
culture.
5. ________________
the period before writing
Prehistory
was developed
Theocracy
6. _______________
A government by divine
authority.
Civilization in ancient Mesopotamia,
7. _______________
farming resulted in an abundance of food which
allowed this to emerge.
8. _______________
Hammurabi remembered for his law
code, a collection of laws for Mesopotamian
society.
9. _______________
Cuneiform invented by the Sumerians
10._____________________
Phoenician Alphabet The importance of
this alphabet is that it is the basis for the English
alphabet.
11._________________
differed from the other
Judaism
religions of the time in that it was monotheistic,
meaning its followers believed in one God,
whereas other religions were polytheistic,
meaning their followers believed in many gods.
12._____________________
Rivers or waterways Geographic feature
that is common to the 4 earliest civilizations.
13.___________________
ruled for 800 years it is
Zhou Dynasty
the longest lasting dynasty in China.
14.______________________
Siddhartha Gautama Founder of
Buddhism.
15._________________
a trade route between the
Silk Road
Roman Empire and China that ran through
India’s Kushan Kingdom.
16._______________
Dark Ages
Period after the collapse
of the Mycenaean civilization.
17._______________
The religious center of a
Acropolis
Greek city-state was often in a fortified area
18._______________
chief god and father of
Zeus
the gods.
19._______________
an organized system of
Philosophy
thought.
20._______________
the first Greek city-state.
Mycenae
21.________________
the type of government that
Oligarchy
Sparta had, means “rule by a few”
22.________________________
His conquests led
Alexander the Great
to the Hellenistic Era, an age that saw the
expansion of the Greek language and Greek
ideas to the non-Greek world.
23.__________________
This astronomer
Eratosthenes
determined that the world was round and
measured the earth’s circumference relatively
close to its actual size.
24._______________
Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Epic Poem
25._______________
He wrote the History of the
Herodotus
Persian Wars which is widely considered the first
real history in western civilization.
26.________________
This group became the
Senate
governing body of the Roman state by the end
of the 2nd century B.C.
27.________________
His teachings became a
Jesus
movement called Christianity; He won followers
in Jerusalem, Judaea, Galilee, and the Roman
Empire.
28.________________
in charge of enforcing civil
Praetors
law.
29.________________
a form of government in
Republic
which the leader is not a monarch and certain
citizens have the right to vote.
30.________________
a period of peace and
Pax Romana
prosperity that lasted for almost 200 years.
31._________________
Became the first Christian
Constantine
Emperor.
32._________________
first invaders to sack
Visigoths
Rome.
First Triumvirate was made up of Julius
33._________________
Caesar, Crassus and Pompey.
34._________________
The Emperor gave free grain and
provided entertainment on a grand scale to keep
the poverty-stricken masses pacified.
35.______________________
Theodosius the Great adopted Christianity
as official religion of the Roman Empire.
Caravan Manager Muhammad’s profession
36. _____________________
when he received his revelations
37. _________________
Muhammad he began to meditate in the hills
because he became troubled by the gap between the
honesty of most Makkans and the greediness of
trading elites in the city.
38. _________________
drawn up by Muslin scholars
Shari’ah
after Muhammad’s death, it was a a law code that
provides believers with a set of practical laws to
regulate their daily lives.
39. _________________
led a revolt in the early
Hussein
Umayyad period which led to the split of Islam into
two groups, the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims.
40. ___________________________
The Five Pillars of Islam for Muslims,
obeying Allah’s will means following with this.
Struggle in the way of God
41.______________________________
According
to the Quran, fair, defensive warfare is a jihad,
which means this.
42.______________
a Muslim scholar and scientist
Ibn Sina
wrote a medical encyclopedia which was
translated into Latin and became a basic
textbook in Europe.
43.__________________
reason that knights
To carry armor
needed a very large horse.
44.___________________
founded a community of
Saint Benedict
monks that established the basic form of
monasticism in the Catholic Church.
Carolingian Renaissance a revival of
45._________________________
learning and culture
A piece of land
46.____________________
most important gift a
lord could give his vassal.
47.______________
a code of ethics that knights
Chivalry
were supposed to uphold.
William of Normandy
48.________________________
invaded England
and soundly defeated King Harold and his foot
soldiers at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
Magna Carta a document that eventually
49.________________
was used to strengthen the idea that a king’s
power was limited, not absolute.
50.___________
He led the Muslim forces to
Saladin
retake Jerusalem from the crusaders
51.____________
Feudalism at the heart is vassalage, which
meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in
turn took care of their needs.
52._______________
Great Schism resulted in the loss of
political power for the Catholic Church.
53.__________
Different from peasants because
Serfs
they were legally bound to the land.
54.______________
Joan of Arc brought a turning point for
France in the Hundred Years’ War because of
her faith.
55._________________
The Inquisition the court created by the
Catholic Church to find and try heretics.
56._________________
The Black Death killed nearly 38 million
which led to severe economic consequences
57._________________
High Renaissance associated with Leonardo
da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo.
58._________________
The Flemish painter Jan
Oil painting
van Eyck was one of the first to use and perfect
this technique.
59.________________
the first Protestant Faith.
Lutheran
60._______________________
formally accepted
Peace of Augsburg
the division of Christianity in Germany.
61._______________________
written by Chaucer,
The Canterbury Tales
this work is important because of Chaucer’s use
of the English vernacular was important in
making his dialect the chief ancestor of the
modern English language.
62.________________________
believed he had
Christopher Columbus
discovered a westward passage to Asia, when in
fact he had actually discovered the Americas
63.___________________
known to Europeans as
The Moluccas
the Spice Islands.
64.________________________
established a line
Treaty of Tordesillas
of demarcation between territories controlled
by Portugal and those controlled by Spain
Middle Passage the journey of enslaved
65.__________________
people from Africa to America
Benin
66.__________________
this African society was
changed from a brilliant society to a corrupt and
brutal place by the slave trade.
67.____________________
Ferdinand Magellan remembered as the
first explorer to circumnavigate the globe.
68.______________________
Divine Right of Kings James I of England
believed in the idea that kings receive their
power from God and are responsible only to
God which is called this.
Bill of Rights laid the foundation for a
69.________________
constitutional monarchy in England.
70. ________________
absolutism a system of government in which
a ruler holds total power.
71. _______________________
Glorious Revolution the invasion of England
by William of Orange, who overthrew James II with
almost no bloodshed
72. ________________
John Locke his ideas are found in the
American Declaration of Independence and the
United States Constitution.
73. ________________________
Gunpowder empires empires that were
formed by outside conquerors who unified the
regions they conquered.
74. _______________________
Nicholas Copernicus was the first to argue
that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the
universe
75.______________
Napoleon
His coup d’état overthrew
the directory to establish his consulate
76.___________________________________
Survival of Great Britain and Nationalism
the two major reasons that Napoleon’s
Grand Empire collapsed
77.______________________The
Duke of
Waterloo in Belgium
Wellington defeated Napoleon here
78._________________
the country where the
Great Britain
Industrial Revolution began.
Charles Dickens
79.____________________
in his novels, he
showed the realities of life of the poor in the
early part of the Industrial Age.
80.________________
one of the first industries
Cotton cloth
to be affected by the Industrial Revolution.
81.________________
developed the steam
James Watt
engine that could drive machinery.
82.________________
proposed the germ
Louis Pasteur
theory of disease
83._____________________________________
steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
led way to new industrial frontiers.
proletariat
84.________________
the working class, who
according to Karl Marx, was oppressed by the
middle class.
85.________________
Triple Entente the alliance between Great
Britain, Russia, and France (before WWI)
86.___________________
Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio
waves across the Atlantic in 1901
87._____________
Ethiopia and ___________
Liberia only two free
states in Africa by 1914
88._____________________
the concession
League of Nations
demanded by President Wilson at the Paris
peace conference.
Western Front characterized by trench
89. ___________________
warfare that kept both sides in virtually the same
position for four years.
90. ___________________
Central Powers Austria-Hungary, Germany,
Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire became known as
this.
91. ___________________
War guilt Clause clause in the Treaty of
Versailles that Germany disliked because it forced
them to take responsibility for starting World War I.
92. __________________________________
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German’s
use of this caused the United States to join the allies
in fighting World War I.
93. ___________________
under his leadership, the
V. I. Lenin
Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent
revolution.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand his assassination
94._________________________
was the spark that ignited World War I
Mobilization of troops
95._________________________
considered an
act of war
Schlieffen Plan
96._________________________
Germany’s plan
for a two-front war with Russia and France,
which had formed a military alliance.
97.____________________________
The First Battle of the Marne The German
advance toward Paris was halted here
98.________________________
guaranteed
Treaty of Locarno
Germany’s new western borders with France
and Belgium.
League of Nations
99. ___________________________
the United States
helped contributed to the failure of this organization
when they did not join.
Totalitarian State
100. ___________________________
a government that
aims to control the political, economic, social,
intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
Depression
101. ___________________________
a period of low
economic activity and rising unemployment.
Dawes Plan
102. ___________________________
This plan helped
Germany control its runaway inflation which
reduced Germany’s reparation debt. It was created
by an international commission.
Enabling Act
103. ___________________________
allowed Hitler to
establish a totalitarian state by giving the
government the power to ignore the constitution for
four years.
104._____________________
a destructive Nazi
Krystallnacht
rampage against the Jews.
Heinrich Himmler directed the Nazi secret
105.____________________
forces
Fascism
106.___________________
glorifies the state above
the individual by emphasizing the need for a
strong central government led by a dictatorial
ruler.
Francisco Franco
107._____________________
led the Spanish military
in a revolt against the democratic government
108.________________________________________
He ended Germany’s economic depression
a factor in leading the German’s to accept Hitler
and the Nazis was their belief that Hitler ended
this.
Nuremberg Laws
109.__________________________
They excluded
Jews from German citizenship and forbade
marriages between Jews and Germans.
110.__________________________
Hitler
Sudetenland
demanded, and was given, this area in
northwestern Czechoslovakia
111.__________________________
After Hitler’s
Poland
invasion of this country, Britain and France
declared war on Germany.
Blitzkrieg
112.__________________________
“Lightening
War” or a form of attack that used tank
divisions supported by air attacks.
113. _______________________launched
a surprise
Japanese
attack on the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941,
appeasement
114. _______________________
Great Britain had this
prewar policy toward Germany which was based on
the belief that the satisfaction of reasonable
demands would maintain peace in Europe.
115. _______________________
this battle was a
Stalingrad
crushing defeat for Germany because the entire 6th
army, which was considered Germany’s best, was
lost
116. _______________________
Cold War
the period of political
tension following World War II.
117. _______________________
At this conference, the
Yalta Conference
allies agreed to the establishment of a United
Nations organization after the war.
118.________________
The slaughter of
Holocaust
European Jews by the Nazis became known
as what
119.________________
a book written by Adolf
Mein Kampf
Hitler while he was in prison.
120.____________________
Stalin, Roosevelt,
Tehran Conference
and Churchill decided to make a final assault
on postwar Germany.
Berlin Wall
121._________________
This was built in order
to prevent East Germans from defecting to
West Germany.