Transcript The Age of Napoleon

The Age of Napoleon
Ms. Garratt - Honors World History
Napoleon
• When royalist rebels threatened
the National Convention Napoleon
was called in to stop it.
• He was rewarded him with
military missions
▫ Was victorious against the
Austrians in Italy & the British at
Toulon
▫ Egyptian campaign was disaster.
However, the discovery of Rosetta
Stone is legendary.
▫ It was during this time that
France looted some of the most
valuable Egyptian artifacts
Coup d’etat
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The Directory was corrupt & unpop
Supporters urged Napoleon to overthrow it
Launched a coup d’etat (takeover)
He created a new 3-man gov known as the
Consulate in 1799
• Named himself the First Consul and later Consul
for Life in 1802
Plebiscite & Coronation
• Two years later he took
the title of emperor
• Invited the Pope to his
coronation .
• Took the crown from the
pope’s hand to place on
his head (same as
Charlemagne)
• Was a way of showing he
was more powerful than
the pope.
• Napoleon wanted to keep
the support of the people
so he held plebiscite each
step of the way.
Napoleon Restores Order in France
• In 1802 this was the
1st time in over 10
years that France was
at peace.
• Napoleon’s 1st goal
was to strengthen the
central government &
consolidate some of
the goals of the Rev.
Napoleon, the Economy & Lycees
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Regulated the economy with price controls
Efficient method of tax collection
Established banking system
Encouraged new industry
Improved infrastructure
Established state-run public schools (lycees) in
order to train government officials .
• Established meritocracy
Concordat of 1801
• Concordat of 1801
established a new
relationship.
▫ Kept the Church under
state control
▫ Restored some of the
church’s earlier
influence but just not in
national affairs.
• EFFECT: Napoleon
gained the support of the
majority of the French &
the Church who resented
the earlier CCC
Napoleonic Code
▫ Created a comprehensive &
uniform system of law.
▫ It embodied some
enlightenment principles such
as:
 Equality under the law
 Religious toleration
 Meritocracy
▫ However it also took away
rights previously acquired
during the Revolution.
 It reestablished slavery in
the French colonies
 It deprived women of rights
gained.
 Freedom of the press &
speech were restricted
Napoleon Unites France
• Won middle class support due to:
 Economic reforms & restoration of stability
 Equality under the law
 Availability of jobs previously closed to middle class
• Won peasant and some working class support
due to:
 Rapprochement with the Church
 Allowing the peasants to keep the land bought from
the nobles and Church
 Price controls on
• Won the support of some former nobility
 Emigres returned
Napoleon & Haiti
Napoleon & the United States
• Why did Napoleon
sell the Louisiana
territory?
▫ Haiti Defeat
▫ Needed the $ to
fight Britain
▫ Feared Britain
would attack from
Canada and just
take it.
▫ Felt US possession
of the territory
would become a
strategic nightmare
for Britain
Conquering Europe
• Annexed some countries
• Puppet governments set up in others
• British convinced Russia, Austria & Sweden to join
them against France
• Battle of Austerlitz was stunning success for
Napoleon
• Forced Russia, Prussia & Austria to sign peace
treaties
• Battle of Trafalgar was naval defeat however and
ensured British naval superiority for the next 100+
years.
• Battle of Trafalgar ended Napoleon’s ambitions to
conquer England
• Now he focuses on Europe
The following is a map at the
height of Napoleon’s empire in
1810.
Identify which areas are not under
French control.
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes
• In Napoleon’s efforts to extend the French
Empire and destroy Britain, Napoleon made
three disastrous mistakes.
Napoleon set up a blockade known
as the Continental System
• WHY?
▫ 1. To prevent all trade & communication between
Britain & other European nations
▫ 2. To destroy Britain’s commercial & industrial
economy and;
▫ 3. To make Europe more self sufficient
Blockade failed
• Blockade proved to be minor inconvenience for
Britain
• Britain responded with its own blockade which
was easier to implement due to its naval
superiority
Continental System
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• Continental System failed for the following
reasons
▫ 1. Substantial smuggling took place (with British
aid)
▫ 2. Napoleon’s allies & families disregarded the
blockade
▫ 3.
The blockade hurt Europe more than
Britain by depriving them of markets
▫ 4. When Russia refused to participate in the
blockade Napoleon will make a costly mistake and
declare war on Russia
Peninsular War 1808
• Napoleon’s second costly mistake was to (a)
invade Spain and (b) depose the Spanish King
and place his brother on the throne.
• This outraged the Spanish who were loyal to
their king and the Catholic Church.
• Leads to guerilla warfare
• British aided the Spanish
• Unleashed Spanish nationalism.
• French were no longer seen as liberators but as
occupiers.
• This war will dramatically impact Latin America
Goya’s Third of May
Invasion of Russia 1812
• Breakdown in the alliance due to failure of the Czar
to enforce Continental System & Poland.
• Napoleon and his Grand Army of 420,000 –
600,000 march into Russia.
• Russia practices scorch-earth policy as they retreat.
• Rather than hand over Moscow to Napoleon the
Czar orders it burned to the ground.
• Napoleon turns back and the harsh winter climate
takes its’ toll by decimating the Grand Army.
• Recognizing Napoleon’s weakness Russia & Prussia
take him out.
Rise of Nationalism
• Nationalism became a powerful weapon against
Napoleon
• Once he was seen as a liberal liberator who
eliminated ghettos, abolished feudalism,
promoted religious tolerance and equality under
the law.
• Later he was seen as an oppressive conqueror.
• Nationalism sparks wars of liberation (guerrilla
wars) throughout Europe
Downfall & Exile of Napoleon
• The Russian campaign
revealed his weakness
• Could not raise a welltrained army
• Faced allied armies of
Europe
• Defeated at the Battle
of the Nations at
Leipzig.
• Exiled to Elba (island
in the Mediterranean.
The Hundred Days
• Attempt by Napoleon to
regain power ended once
again in defeat at the
Battle of Waterloo in
Belgium in 1815.
• This last bid for power is
known as the Hundred Days
because it lasted from Mar to
June.
• This time Napoleon was exiled
to a remote island in the South
Atlantic.
• He died 6 years later at the age
of 52
St Helena – Where he died.
Returned to France in 1850 - Buried
in tomb in 1861
Legacy of Napoleon
• Napoleonic Code
• Nationalism which would later lead to the
unification of Italy & Germany
• Independence Movements in Latin American
• Louisiana Purchase
• Congress of Vienna
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Restoration of legitimate monarch
Balance of power
New borders
Concert of Europe