Transcript The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening: A Comparison

Lesson 5.3:
The French and
Indian War
aka:
Seven Years War
Essential Question
How did the
French and Indian
War increase
tensions between
Parliament and
the colonists?
Vocabulary
French & Indian War A conflict in North America
from 1754-1763 that was part
of a worldwide fight between
France and England.
Albany Plan of Union The first formal proposal to
unite the American colonies,
written by Ben Franklin.
Battle of Quebec
Battle won by the British over
the French; the turning point
in the French & Indian War.
Vocabulary
Treaty of Paris 1763 treaty that ended the French &
Indian War; Britain gave up all of
North America east of the
Mississippi River.
Pontiac’s Rebellion Revolt against British forts &
American settlers led by Ottawa
leader, Pontiac.
Proclamation of 1763 An order in which Britain
prohibited American colonists
from settling west of the
Appalachian Mountains
What We Already Know
By the 1730s,
thirteen separate
colonies had been
established by
England up and
down the Atlantic
coast of North
America.
Focus Questions
1. Why was the Ohio River Valley important to both
the French and British governments?
2. Under the Albany Plan, what could
representatives from each colony do?
3. Although the Albany Plan of Union was
defeated, why was it significant?
4. Why was George Washington not surprised by
the British loss in the Battle of the Wilderness?
5. How was Secretary of State William Pitt able to
turn things around for Britain in the war?
Focus Questions
6. What was the turning point in the French and
Indian War?
7. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris?
8. Why did Pontiac lead an uprising against the
British?
9. How did the British defeat Pontiac’s forces?
10.Why did the Proclamation of 1763 anger
colonists?
What We Already Know
During the period
of salutary
neglect, colonists
enjoyed a greater
degree of freedom
and selfgovernment than
ever before.
What We Already Know
The Great Awakening helped
colonists to become
comfortable
with the idea of challenging
authority, either
in the church or
in the government.
French Claims In North America
While English colonists were settling
the eastern coast, the French were
exploring the North American interior.
French Claims In North America
By the late 1600s,
French explorers
had claimed the
Ohio River valley,
the Mississippi
River valley, and
the entire Great
Lakes region.
French Settlements
The French built settlements and forts
in Quebec and Montreal, and along
rivers that fed the Mississippi River.
French Settlers
Some Europeans
in New France
were Jesuit priests
who hoped to
convert Native
Americans to
Christianity. Others
worked as fur
traders.
Native American Alliances
The English competed with the French in
North America for new territories and over
the rich fur trade. In turn, the fur trade led
to economic and military alliances
between the
Europeans and their
Native American
trading partners. Different
Native American groups competed to
supply furs to the Europeans.
Native American Alliances
The Indian peoples of the Great Lakes
region (Huron & Algonquin) were allied
with the French, while those of upper New
York (Iroquois) often were allied with the
English. Alliances between European
countries and Native Americans led to
their involvement in each others’ wars.
Conflicts in the Ohio River Valley
For the French, the Ohio River valley was
important because it linked Canada and
Louisiana; two territories they controlled.
Also, the Ohio River valley was a source of
furs, which was an important trade item for
the French.
For the British, the Ohio River valley was a
place for British settlers to expand their
settlements.
War Begins and Spreads
The Seven Years' War, was a world wide
war that took place between 1754 and
1763. It involved most of the great
powers of the
time competing
for territory and
trade.
War Begins and Spreads
The Seven Years War affected Europe, North
and Central America, India, Africa and the
Philippines. When war broke out between the
two major powers, France and England in
Europe, the fighting spread to North America
where it became known
as the French and
Indian War. This war
decided which nation
would control the northern and eastern parts
of North America.
War Begins and Spreads
When war broke out
between France and
Britain, Benjamin
Franklin suggested
that the colonies
band together for
defense.
The Albany Plan of Union
Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union
was the first formal proposal to unite the
colonies. Under the plan, Representatives
from each colony would form a Grand
Council, collect
taxes, raise
armies, and
make treaties.
The Albany Plan of Union
Individual colonial legislatures later
defeated the plan because they did not
want to give up control of their own
affairs. Still, it foreshadowed the time
when the colonies
would band
together to fight
for their
Independence
from Britain.
Why was the Ohio River Valley important
to both the French and British
governments? Choose all that apply.
A. For the British it was a place for new
settlements and a source of furs.
B. To the French, it linked Canada and
Louisiana and was a source of furs.
C. The French wanted to build Catholic
missions in the territory.
D. The English wanted to build military
forts in the territory.
Under the Albany Plan, what could
representatives from each colony do?
Choose all that apply.
A. They could form a Grand Council.
B. They could collect taxes.
C. They could raise armies.
D. They could make treaties.
Although the Albany Plan of Union was
defeated, why was it significant?
A. It foreshadowed a time when the
colonists would ban together to fight for
their independence from Great Britain.
B. It made Benjamin Franklin a famous
man.
C. It made the colonists aware they
needed to raise taxes for an army.
D. It made the colonies aware they needed
13 separate governments.
Braddock’s Defeat
Britain realized to win the war, it couldn’t
rely on the colonists for funding or troops.
The British sent General Edward Braddock
and two regiments of 2,100 soldiers to take
Fort Duquesne where the Alleghany and
Ohio rivers meets (modern Pittsburgh).
900 French and Indian troops ambushed
Braddock’s forces. Braddock was wounded
and later died. One thousand of his men
were killed or wounded.
Braddock’s Defeat
Braddock’s Defeat
One person who wasn’t surprised by
Braddock’s defeat was a young George
Washington. As an aide to General
Braddock, Washington urged Braddock to
change his strategy. He suggested
that the soldiers break formation and fight
from behind the trees. The general wouldn’t
listen and had four horses shot out from
under him. Four bullets went through
Washington’s coat!
Braddock’s Defeat
American colonists were stunned by
Braddock’s defeat and by many other British
losses over the next two years.
George Washington
Washington saw how the
British generals did things
like march troops into the
forest in straight lines and
bright red coats, where they
made easy targets for the
French and their Indian allies.
Watching the blunders of his
British superiors, Washington
learned how not to fight a war
in North America.
William Pitt Takes Charge
In 1757, after nearly three
years of fighting, Britain’s new
Secretary of State William Pitt
was determined to win the war
in the colonies. He sent the
nation’s best generals to
America and borrowed money
to hire colonial troops to fight.
William Pitt Takes Charge
Many colonists
joined the British
against France
believing that driving
the French from the
regions they
occupied would open
the land for the
colonies to expand
westward.
The British Take Quebec
By 1759, with renewed commitment under
Pitt, the British controlled six French forts.
By that summer, the British launched an
attack on the French capital of Quebec.
Quebec sat on a cliff 300 feet above the St.
Lawrence River. The city was surrounded by
walls with cannons and thousands of
soldiers! British general Wolfe sailed around
the fort for two months unable to capture it.
An Indian scout finally found an unguarded
path up the cliff.
The British Take Quebec
Late at night, General Wolfe and 4,000
British soldiers secretly climbed the cliff.
When the French awoke, 4,000 soldiers were
lined up ready to attack. In the short, fierce
battle, General Wolfe was killed, but the
French commander, Montcalm also died.
The French surrendered to the British!
The fall of Quebec marked the turning
point in the war.
The British Take Quebec
The Treaty of Paris of 1763.
The treaty of Paris signed on February 10
1763, ended the Seven Years War. Under the
treaty:
1. Britain claimed all of North America east of
the Mississippi River.
2. France gave up New Orleans, Louisiana,
and the French territory west of the
Mississippi River which Spain received for
its help in the war.
3. Britain had seized Cuba and the Philippines
from Spain and returned them in exchange
for Florida.
Before the French & Indian War
BRITAN
FRANCE
DISPUTED
SPAIN
1754
The Treaty of Paris of 1763.
BRITAN
DISPUTED
SPAIN
1763
How was Secretary of State William Pitt able
to turn things around for the British in the
war?
A. He made new alliances that won Iroquois
loyalty from the French to the British.
B. He persuaded Parliament to spend more money
on war materiel and mercenaries.
C. He sent the nation’s best generals to America
and borrowed money to hire colonial troops to
fight.
D. He made an alliance with Russia that doomed
the French to defeat.
What was the turning point in the
French and Indian War?
A. The French surrendered at the Battle of the
Wilderness.
B. The British won the Battle of Quebec and killed
the French commander.
C. The British and the French signed a treaty in
London.
D. The Native Americans sided with the colonists
and drove the French and British out of North
America.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of
Paris? Choose all that apply.
A. Britain claimed all of North America east of the
Mississippi River
B. France gave up New Orleans, Louisiana, and
the French territory west of the Mississippi
River.
C. Spain received all the land France gave up as
a gift for their help in the war.
D. Britain returned Cuba and the Philippines to
Spain in exchange for Florida.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Once the war was
over, British settlers
began moving
across the
mountains onto
Native American
land in the spring
and summer of
1763.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Not wanting settlers on their land, the
Indians responded by attacking settlers
and British forts west of the Appalachians.
The leader of this
revolt was
Pontiac, leader
of the Ottawa
Indians.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
His message found
sympathetic ears
among the Delaware,
Seneca, Chippewa,
Miami, Potawatomi and
Huron, among others.
The Indians were able
to capture several forts
in the Ohio Valley.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
The British finally
invited Indian war
leaders in to talk and
then gave them
blankets infected with
smallpox as gifts
ending the rebellion.
The Proclamation of 1763
As settlers continued
to move west. The
British Government
did not want to spend
money, or send
troops to protect
settlers across the
vast territories in the
west.
The Proclamation of 1763
To prevent settlers from
moving west, the British
Parliament issued the
Proclamation of 1763,
which forbade colonists
to settle west of the
Appalachians.
The Proclamation Line of 1763
The colonists felt
betrayed. They felt by
helping the British defeat
the French, they had won
the right to settle the
Ohio River Valley.
Why did Pontiac lead an uprising
against the British?
A. He wanted to stop settlers from moving across
the mountains onto Native American land.
B. He had not received the items he had been
promised by the British for his aid against the
French.
C. He had learned about the British use of
disease–laden blankets before 1763.
D. He wanted to establish an all–Native American
empire in North America.
How did the British defeat Pontiac’s
forces?
A. They sent thousands of German mercenaries
to America to fight the Indians.
B. They gave the Indians smallpox-infected
blankets as gifts.
C. They invited Pontiac to truce talks, but then
took him prisoner.
D. They made a new alliance with France to
combine forces against them.
Why did the Proclamation of 1763
anger colonists?
A. It placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other
products shipped to the colonies.
B. It was meant to keep them from moving west
across the Appalachian Mountains to get new
land.
C. It called for harsh punishment of smugglers.
D. They felt that Britain had no right to tax them
directly, since they were not represented in
Parliament.