Transcript War to End All Wars

REVIEW
THE FIRST WORLD
WAR
1914-1918
The First World War
Domestic life is greatly affected as the U.S.
helps the Allies achieve victory in World War I.
The Treaty of Versailles punishes Germany, but
is never ratified by the U.S. Senate.
NEXT
Section 1
World War I Begins
As World War I intensifies, the United States is
forced to abandon its neutrality.
NEXT
I. Other Names
A. The Great War
B. The War to End All Wars
C. First World War
1. It was the first modern war fought using
modern weaponry.
II.CAUSES OF THE WAR
A. Historians have traditionally
cited four long-term causes of the
First World War
1. NATIONALISM – a devotion to
the interests and culture of one’s
nation (Pride in one’s country)
2. IMPERIALISM – Economic and
political control over weaker
nations
3. MILITARISM – The growth of
nationalism and imperialism led to
increased military spending
4. ALLIANCE SYSTEM – Defensive
agreements among nations.
B. NATIONALISM
Nationalism—devotion to
interests, culture of one’s nation
1. Nationalism leads to
competition, antagonism
between nations
2. Many fear Germany’s growing
power in Europe
3. Various ethnic groups resent
domination, want independence
4. Russia sees self as protector
of all Slavic peoples
Germany was allied with
Austria-Hungary while
Russia, France and Britain
were partners
5. Slavic Nationalism
• A movement called Pan-Slavism – all ethnic
slavs should have a nation to themselves,
spread across the Balkans. Many slavs were in
Serbia, many were in Austria-Hungary.
• Russia supported the slavs.
C. IMPERIALISM
1. For many centuries,
European nations built
empires (Imperialism)
2. Germany industrializes,
competes with France, Britain
for colonies
Major European countries
competed for land in Africa
and Asia
D. MILITARISM
Cost of building, defending
empires leads to more military
spending
1. Militarism—development of
armed forces, their use in
diplomacy
2. By 1890, Germany has strongest
army on European continent
a) competes with Britain for sea
power
3. France, Italy, Japan and the
United States quickly joined in the
naval buildup
Battleships were being stockpiled by European
nations, Japan and America in the late 19th and
early 20th century
E. ALLIANCE SYSTEM
Defensive agreements among
nations.
1. By 1907 there were two major
defense alliances in Europe
TRIPLE ENTENTE
2. The Triple Entente, or Allies, =
France, Britain, and Russia
3. The Triple Alliance, or Central
Powers, = Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy (joined by the
Ottoman Empire)
FRANCE
BRITAIN
RUSSIA
4. Alliances give security; nations
unwilling to tip balance of power
Triple Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia
Europe in 1914
Triple Alliance
(Central Powers)
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
III. THE SPARK: AN
ASSASSINATION LEADS TO WAR
The Archduke is assassinated in
Sarajevo in June 1914
Alliances Complicate Conflict
A. Balkan Peninsula known as “the powder
keg of Europe” because:
1. ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples
2. leading powers have economic, political
interests
3. Russia wanted access to Mediterranean
Sea
4. Germany wanted a rail link to Ottoman
Empire
5. Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia in
1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule
B. June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir
to the Austria-Hungary throne, shot by
Serbian nationalist
C. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia,
expects short war
D. Alliance system pulls one nation after
another into war
Ultimatum
• A set of final conditions that must be
accepted
• Austria-Hungary was outraged and
held Serbia responsible
• Sent Serbia an ultimatum
• Germany promised to support AustriaHungary
• Russia promised to support Serbia
• Serbia did not agree to AustriaHungary’s demands
Short-Term Cause
Spark that started the First World War was the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir
to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
June 28, 1914
The Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary
was assassinated in the Serbian city of
Sarajevo.
E. Black Hand
•Secret group of Serbian men who plotted to kill Ferdinand.
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie just before the
assassination
Funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
F. Mobilization
1. Gathering and transporting of troops.
2. Austria-Hungary and Serbia began to mobilize
3. Alliance system took effect
4. War began in August 1914
• http://www.history.com/videos/causes-ofworld-war-i#causes-of-world-war-i
IV. THE FIGHTING BEGINS
Early Battles
A. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold
Russia, defeat France, then Russia
1. The plan was designed to prevent a
two-front war for Germany
B. August 1914, German troops sweep
through Belgium, cause major
refugee crisis
C. By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems
of trenches cross France ( war a
stalemate)
1. “No man’s land”—barren expanse
of mud between opposing trenches
2. Scale of killing horrific, fighting
inconclusive
The Schliefflen Plan
Timeline of the Outbreak of
War
1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo , Serbia(June 28, 1914).
2. Germany promises its full support to Austria-Hungary (July 5, 1914).
3. Austria Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia with demands (July 23, 1914).
4. Serbia accepts all but one demand, Russia promises support to Serbia (July 25, 1914).
5. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (July 28, 1914).
6. Russia mobilizes its army (July 30, 1914).
7. Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia and France not to mobilize (July 31, 1914).
8. Germany declared war on Russia (August 1, 1914).
9. Germany declared war on France, invades neutral Belgium (August 3, 1914).
10.Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4, 1914).
THE WAR BECOMES A STALEMATE
F. Unable to save Belgium, the Allies
retreated to Marne River in France
where they halted the German
advance in September 1914
G. Both sides dug in for a long siege
(Attrition warfare)
 By the spring of 1915, two parallel
systems of deep trenches crossed
France from Belgium to Switzerland
 Between enemy trenches was “no
man’s land” – an area pockmarked
with shell craters and filled with
barbed wire- Scale of killing horrific,
fighting inconclusive
H. Armies fight to gain only yards of
ground in bloody trench warfare
British soldiers standing in mud
1. Trench Warfare
Advanced weapons caused so many casualties that
soldiers were forced to dig networks of ditches for protection.
German Soldiers
The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from
the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with
the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in
such a harsh environment.
FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME
I. The First Battle of the Somme which began July 1, 1916 lasted
until mid-November – the British
suffered 60,000 casualties the first
day
1. Final casualties for the First
Battle of the Somme totaled 1.2
million
yet only 7 miles of ground was
gained
Gas attacks were common
features of trench life and often
caused blindness and lung
disease
This bloody trench warfare, in
which armies fought for mere
yards of ground, lasted for three
years
Trenches
Trenches
Water-filled trench
Warning!!!!!
Trench Foot victim
Trench Foot Victim
Burn victim
Amputations
“No Man’s Land”
• Space in between the opposing lines of
trenches.
No Man’s Land
V. AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY
French propaganda poster portrayed
the Germans as inhuman and impacted
American attitudes toward the Germans
 In 1914, most Americans saw no
reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles
away – they wanted
Divided Loyalties
A. Socialists, pacifists, many
ordinary people against U.S. in war
B. Some simply did not want their
sons to experience the horror of
warfare
C. Naturalized citizens concerned
country of birth
D. Many feel ties to British ancestry,
language, democracy, legal system
E. U.S. has stronger economic ties
with Allies than with Central Powers
VI. THE WAR HITS HOME
• During first two years of the war, America was providing (selling) the allied forces
dynamite, cannon powder, submarines, copper wire and tubing and other war material
The U.S. Prepares
A. By 1917, U.S. has mobilized for war against Central Powers to:
1. ensure Allied repayment of debts
2. prevent Germans threat to U.S. shipping
B. Both the Germans and British imposed naval blockades on
each other
The British Blockade
C. British blockade, mine North Sea, stop war supplies reaching
Germany
----also stop food, fertilizer
--------U. S. merchant ships seldom reach Germany
D. Germany has difficulty importing food, fertilizer; by 1917,
famine =time of little or no food and people starve
THE WAR HITS HOME
German U-Boat Response
German U-Boat Response
E. Germany sets up U-boat counter
blockade of Britain used U-boats
(submarines) to prevent shipments to the
North Atlantic
1. Any ship in the waters around Britain
would be sunk
THE LUSITANIA DISASTER
May 7, 1915
F. U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128
Americans among the dead May 1915
1. U.S. public opinion turns against
Germany
Germans claimed the ship carrying Allied
ammunition
G. President Wilson protests, but Germany
continues to sink ships
H. Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end
food blockade
otherwise will renew unrestricted
submarine war
The N.Y. Times reports on the Lusitania
• The Sussex Pledge was a promise given
by the German Government to the United
States of America on May 4th 1916 in
response to US demands relating to the
conduct of the First World War.
Why did Germany do it?
• http://www.history.com/videos/u-boatssink-the-lusitania-in-1915
Propaganda Poster
Propaganda Posters
1916 ELECTION
J. The 1916 Election=
Democrat Wilson defeats
Republican Charles Evans Hughes
 Wilson won a close election
using the slogan, “He kept us out
of war”
 That slogan would prove ironic
because within a few months the
United States would be embroiled
in World War I
Wilson
VII. The United States Declares
War
German Provocation
A. Wilson tries to mediate, calls for “a
peace between equals”
B. Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all
ships in British waters
C. factors that bring the U.S. into the war;
1. Zimmerman note —proposes alliance
of Germany, Mexico against U.S.
a) Germany promised Mexico a return of
their “lost territory”
2. Germany ignored Wilson’s plea for peace
(Zimmerman note)
Encoded message from Germany
to Mexico
a) Four unarmed American merchant
ships sunk
D. Russian monarchy replaced with
representative government then
communist
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Peace treaty between Russia and Germany.
Russia was now out of the war.
Russia becomes communist
Zimmerman
note
intercepted
by a British
agent and
decoded
AMERICA DECLARES WAR
America Acts
 April 2, 1917, Wilson deliver
his declaration of war
E. 1917 Wilson calls for war to
make world “safe for
democracy”
 Congress passed the
resolution a few days later
Completely copy the question and all the answers. Eliminate incorrect answers and circle the letter of
the correct answer.
SECTION 2: AMERICAN POWER
TIPS THE BALANCE
I. America Mobilizes
Raising an Army
A. Congress passed Selective Service Act
—men register, randomly chosen for
service-May of 1917
1. Conscription = Forced military service
B. African Americans in segregated units,
excluded from navy, marines
---Soldiers train for 8 months, often drill
with fake weapons
C. By the end of 1918, 24 million had
signed up and almost 3 million were called
to duty
D. Women 1st war, in army, navy, marines
as nurses secretaries, phone operators
1. non-combat positions
Conscription
1. Forced military service.
2. A military draft was necessary to raise the
numbers in the armed forces.
Selective Service
a. All men between 21 and 30 had to register for
a draft.
b. A lottery and draft board chose the people.
c. 2.8 million men were drafted.
Volunteers
1. Around 2 million volunteered for service.
Many different reasons.
African Americans
1. Around 42,000 served overseas in the
military.
2. Many were segregated and were victims of
discrimination.
3. Many achieved distinction.
African-American Unit (WWI)
Women
1. First war in which
women served.
2. Only non-combat
positions.
3. Women in army, navy,
marines as nurses
secretaries, phone
operators
Mass Production
E. Mass Production- To
expand fleet to transport
men, food, equipment to
Europe, U.S.:
1. gives special status to
shipyard workers
2. uses fabrication
techniques
3. takes over commercial,
private ships
The organization
encouraged companies to
use mass-production
techniques to increase
efficiency and urged them
to eliminate waste by
standardizing
II. America Turns the Tide
A. U.S. Navy Contributions
B. Convoy system —
destroyers escort
merchant ships across
Atlantic
1. losses drop
dramatically
C. Navy helps lay mines
across North Sea, keep
U-boats out of Atlantic
D. 1918, Germans have
difficulty replacing boats,
trained submariners
Fighting in Europe
Fighting in Europe
E. After 2 1/2 years
fighting, Allied forces
are exhausted,
demoralized
American troops
bring numbers,
freshness,
enthusiasm
III. Fighting “Over There”
FRESH U.S. SOLDIERS
JOIN FIGHT
A. General John J.
Pershing leads American
Expeditionary Force
1. soldiers impressed by
cities, shocked by battle
B. American infantry were
nicknamed “doughboys”
because of their white belts
Doughboys
• Nickname for American soldiers in World War
I.
New Weapons
C. By 1917, British learn to use tanks to
clear path for infantry
D. Early planes flimsy, only do
scouting; later ones stronger, faster
1. carry machine guns, heavy bomb
loads
E. American ace Eddie Rickenbacker,
other pilots in dogfights
F. Observation balloons used
extensively, prime target of ace pilots
Eddie Rickenbacker
• American ace Eddie
Rickenbacker, other
pilots in dogfights
• Most famous
American pilot of
World War I. Flew
for the French unit
“Lafayette
Escadrille.”
Rickenbacker’s Plane
Manfred von Richthofen
• The “Red Baron.”
• Most famous German
pilot of World War I.
• Shot down over France
in 1918.
Richthofen’s Plane
• Observation balloons
used extensively,
prime target of ace
pilots
IV. The War Introduces New
Hazards
New Problems of War
A. New weapons and tactics lead to horrific
injuries, hazards
B. Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water,
poison gas, dead bodies
C. Constant bombardment, battle fatigue
produce “shell shock”
D. Physical problems include dysentery,
trench foot, trench mouth
Taken in an Australian dressing station near
Belgium in 1917. The wounded soldier in the
lower left of the photo has a dazed thousandyard stare, a frequent symptom of "shell-shock".
E. NEW WEAPONS USED
A. Machine Guns – Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute
B. The Tank – New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads
C. Airplanes – carry machine guns, heavy bomb loads
Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a
fleet of planes that could deliver bomb loads
D. Poison Gas – mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy
Tanks
Gasmasks
U-boats
Tanks
Poison Gas
Poison Gas Attack
British Vickers Machine Gun
Animals were also
susceptible to gas
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est (1917)
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime.
Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in.
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Famous poem by Wilfred
Owen about the evils of
mustard gas
V. AMERICAN TROOPS GO ON
THE OFFENSIVE
Men of the 42nd Division during the
Second Marne. These men were
killed by artillery fire just 5 minutes
after this photo was taken
Allies Stop German Advance
A. Russia pulls out of war
1917; Germans shift armies
to western front
1. come within 50 miles of
Paris
B. Americans help stop
German advance, turn tide
against Central Powers
----In July and August the
Americans helped the Allies
win the Second Battle of the
Marne
AMERICAN WAR HERO
C. Conscientious objector —
person who opposes war on
moral grounds
•Pacifism is opposition to war and
violence.
The man
The movie
D. Originally a conscientious
objector, Alvin York decides
WWI is just
•Alone on October 8, 1918,
armed with only a rifle and a
revolver kills 25 Germans;
with 6 others, captures 132
prisoners
•Promoted to sergeant;
becomes U.S. celebrity
GERMANY
GERMANY COLLAPSES;
COLLAPSES,
THE GREAT
WAR WAR
ENDSENDS
War ends 11/11/18
E. November 3, 1918, AustriaHungary surrenders to Allies
F. German sailors, soldiers rebel;
socialists establish German
republic
1. Kaiser gives up throne
G. Germans exhausted; armistice,
cease fire or truce, signed eleventh
hour, November 11, 1918 ending the
Great War
The Final Toll
H. World War I bloodiest war in
history to date
• more than half of 22 million dead
are civilians
• 20 million more are wounded
• 10 million people become
• http://www.history.com/topics/world-wari/videos#wwi-firsts
SECTION 3: THE WAR AT
HOME
I. War at Home
A. The entire U.S. economy
was focused on the war
effort- TOTAL WAR
1. Economy shifts from
producing consumer goods
to war supplies
B. Congress gives president
direct control of much of the
economy
• In the process, the power
of the U.S. government
expanded
WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
C. War Industries Board is
main regulatory body
1. urges mass-production,
standardizing products
• Bernard M. Baruch,
prosperous
businessman, is head
of board
D. Conservation measures
adopted by public, nation
Poster encouraging production
War Economy
E. Industrial wages rise; offset by rising costs of food,
housing
• Large corporations make enormous profits
F. Unions boom from dangerous conditions, child
labor, unfair pay
G. Wilson creates National War Labor Board to settle
disputes 1918
• Organized and increased the number of workers for
American factories.
1. Many positions were filled by women.
2. African Americans, Mexicans also received more jobs.
VICTORY GARDENS
Food Administration
H. To conserve food, Wilson
set up the Food
Administration (FA)
• under Herbert Hoover
works to produce, save
food
1. Encourages public
conservation, increase of
farm production
I. Homeowners planted
“victory gardens” in their
yards
J. Farmers increased
production 30% add 40
million acres of farmland
“Be Patriotic”
K.Fuel Administration
1. Managed the nation’s use of coal and fuel.
2. Daylight savings time and shorter
workweeks for factories that did not produce
for the war.
II. SELLING THE WAR
War Financing
A. The U.S. had two major tasks;
raising money and convincing the
public to support the war
• The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the
war effort
B. 1/3 paid through taxes;
2/3 borrowed through sale of war
bonds= sold to the public (Liberty
Loans & Victory Loans)
1. repaid with interest after the warmoney borrowed for tax payers
• $20 billion raised in bonds.
Committee on Public Information
D. To popularize the war, government
set up propaganda agency the
Committee on Public Information
(CPI) = organization promoted support for
the war among the American people
1. Propaganda—biased
communication designed to influence
people
•Former muckraker George Creel
heads Committee on Public
Information
2. produces paintings, posters,
cartoons and sculptures to promote
the war
•Gets volunteers to speak about war,
distribute materials
Propaganda Posters
III. ATTACK ON CIVIL
LIBERTIES
Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
• Attacks against immigrants, especially from Germany,
Austria-Hungary
• Suppression of German culture—music, language,
literature
• Espionage and Sedition Acts
A. Civil Liberties compromised by Espionage and Sedition
Acts passed by Congress; can be fined, imprisoned:
1. interfering with war effort, speaking against government
C. designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against or
violated of the First Amendment (Free speech)
1. target socialists, labor leaders
F. Espionage Act (1917)
• made it a crime for any person to convey information
intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces
prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success
of the country's enemies. Anyone found guilty of such
acts would be subject to a fine of $10,000 and a prison
sentence of 20 years. This measure was quickly
challenged in the courts
• The terms of the Espionage Act were strengthened by
the enactment of amending legislation, the Sedition Act
of 1918.
Sedition Act (1918)
• Made any public opposition to the war illegal.
• Finish this slide
D. Schenck v. United States (1919),
-Court decision-upheld
Sedition Act . Supreme
Court Case that said a
person did not have a right
to free speech when it was
a “clear and present
danger” to others.
IV. The War Encourages
Social Change
•
Du Bois urges support for war to
strengthen call for racial justice
• Some think victims of racism
should not support racist
government
A. Effect of the WWI on African
American population was the Great
Migration= large-scale movement of
Southern African Americans to
North
• escape racial discrimination
• take up new job opportunities
This African American family
B. intensifies racial tensions in
settled in Chicago
North
WOMEN IN THE WAR
C. Many women take jobs in
industry
D. volunteer work for war
effort Red Cross
E. Some active in peace
movement; Women’s Peace
Party founded 1915
F. Women’s effort bolsters
support for suffrage;
19th Amendment passes
• 1Their service hastened
the passage of the 19th
Amendment in 1920 giving
women the right to vote
THE FLU EPIDEMIC
G. fall of 1918, the United States
suffered a home-front crises when a
flu epidemic affected 25% of the
population
 Mines shut down, telephone
service was cut in half, factory work
was delayed
 Cities ran short on coffins while
corpses lay unburied for as long as
a week
Seattle, like many other places,
became a masked city. All police wore
them, as shown in this photo from
"The Great Influenza"
 The epidemic killed as many as
500,000 in the U.S. before it
disappeared in 1919
International flu epidemic of 1918
has devastating effect on economy
Worldwide the epidemic killed 30
million people
SECTION 4: WILSON FIGHTS
I. Fourteen Points
FOR
PEACE
A. Wilson’s plan for peace would be rejected
by the Allies
B. Wilson’s plan for world peace known as
Fourteen Points
• Points 1–5 propose measures to prevent
another war
• 6–13 address how ethnic groups can form own
nations or join others
C. 14 calls for international organization or
League of Nations= to promote peace
• to enable nations to discuss, settle
problems without war
• Included in his “points” were:
• No secret treaties
• Freedom of the Seas
• More free trade
• Reduction of arms
• Less colonialism
Wilson’s 14
points in
his own
short hand
ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S
PLAN, SIGN TREATY
D. Allies: French wants to prevent
German invasion; British wants to
“Make Germany Pay” Italy wants
Austrian-held territory
• Conference excludes Central Powers,
Russia, small Allied nations
• Wilson gives up most of his points in
return for League of Nations
F. June 28, 1919, the Big Four and
defeated nations signed the Treaty of
Versailles
Hall of Mirrors
II. TREATY OF VERSAILLES
A.Treaty of Versailles
creates 9 new nations
• British, French
mandates
• The Treaty broke up the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
and the Ottoman Empire
empires
B. Places various
conditions on Germany:
1. cannot have an army
2. Land returned to France
3. pay reparations, or war
damages=$33 billion
The Big Four met at Versailles
THE WEAKNESS OF THE
TREATY
Germans felt the Versailles
Treaty was unfair
C. The harsh treatment of
Germany prevented a lasting
peace in Europe
D. War-guilt clause —Germany
must accept sole responsibility
for war
E. Germany cannot pay $33
billion in reparations that Allies
want
• Russia loses more land than
Germany; territorial claims
ignored
• Colonized people’s claims
for self-determination
ignored
DEBATE OVER TREATY AT
HOME
• In US, the Treaty was hotly debated
especially the League of Nations
F. Strong opposition to treaty in U.S.
• Some, like Hoover, think treaty too
harsh, fear economic effects
• Some ethnic groups not satisfied
with new national borders
1. Many wanted the U.S. Congress to
maintain the right to declare war
G. Congress/ Senate rejected the
League
Debate over the League of Nations
• think League threatens U.S. foreign
policy of isolation
• Senators like Henry Cabot Lodge
mistrust provision for joint action
The U.S. never did join the league
Wilson Refuses to Compromise
H. Wilson goes on speaking tour
to convince nation to support
League
1. has stroke, is temporarily
disabled
• March 1920, 2nd vote: treaty
approved
I. U.S., Germany sign separate
treaty; U.S. never joins League
III. THE LEGACY OF WWI
A. In U.S., war strengthens military,
increases power of government
B. Accelerates social change for
African Americans, women
C. The propaganda campaign
provoked powerful fears in
society
D. In Europe, destruction, loss of life
damage social, political systems
1. Communist, fascist governments
form
• Russia established the first
Communist state during the war
•
WWI 1914-1918
22 million dead, more than half civilians.
An additional 20 million wounded.
Americans called World War I,
“The War to end all Wars”
E. Treaty of Versailles does not settle
conflicts in Europe
STR Questions
80. Who was the US President during WWI?
Woodrow Wilson
81. During what years did WWI occur?
1914-1918
82. What did the WWI President call his attempt to
stay out of the war?
Neutrality
83. What government agency was in charge of the
draft?
Selective Service
84. What were the two sides during WWI? What countries fought
for each side?
Allies-France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, United States and
Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
85. What did Germany use to sink enemy boats?
U-boats/submarine warfare
86. What was the message from Germany to Mexico suggesting
an alliance against America?
Zimmerman Note
87. What ocean liner was sunk, killing Americans and greatly
angering the American public?
Lusitania
88. What type of warfare was common on the Western Front,
marked by digging of holes on both sides and “no man’s land” in
the middle?
Trench Warfare
89. What treaty ended WWI?
Treaty of Versailles
90. What peacekeeping body was formed after WWI?
League of Nations
91. What was Wilson’s peace plan called?
Fourteen Points
92. What governmental group voted to keep the US out of the
League of Nations?
Senate
93. What was the movement of black Americans from the South to
the North for industrial jobs during this time?
Great Migration
94. What was the fear of Communism in America called?
Red Scare