Transcript Slide 1 - Spring Branch ISD

IB EUROPEAN HISTORY
REVIEW
Brittany McCune and Juliane Berger
Topic
Unification of Germany and Italy
(Paper 3 Topic 2)
Italian Unification Events
1831: “Young Italy”
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Mazzini launches
“Young Italy”.
This movement focused
on the middle class,
and was meant to
ignore peasantry and
land reform.
The movement was
disbanded in 1836.
1848: Roman Republic
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Mazzini declares the
Roman Republic.
Pius IX appealed to
France, Austria, and
Spain for help against
Mazzini’s forces.
March 23, 1848: First War of Italian
Independence
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War is declared with Austria.
This war is known as the First
War for Italian Independence.
The main battles were Custoza
and Novara, in which the
Austrians under Radetzky were
able to defeat the Piedmontese.
The significance of the war was
that the Italian forces realized
that they were not able to defeat
major powers, such as Austria if
they did not combine their forces.
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After losing the war, Charles
Albert abdicated the throne in
favor of his son Victor Emmanuel.
This was the first of three wars
for Italian Unification, the second
was the Franco-Austrian War of
1859, and the third was the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
1852: Cavour Becomes Prime Minister
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Camillo di Cavour
becomes Prime Minister
of Piedmont.
He played an important
role in the Second War
for Italian
Independence, and is
given much of the credit
for the unification of
Italy.
1858: French Support
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Napoleon III declares his
support of Piedmont.
In 1859, the French
continued their support
of the Italians in the
Franco-Austrian War
also known as the
Second War for Italian
Independence.
January 1859: Treaty of Plombieres
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Treaty of Plombieres was
passed.
It stated that the Princess
of Piedmont would marry
Napoleon III’s nephew.
In addition, France would
fight with Italy against
Austria in a defensive
battle, and if Italy won,
France would get Nice
and Savoy.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca
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Armistice of Villafranca
was a cease-fire in which
Austria retained Venetia.
Cavour was upset with the
French and wants Victor
Emmanuel to keep on
fighting.
Due to Victor Emmanuel’s
refusal to go along with
Cavour’s wishes, Cavour
resigns as Prime Minister.
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As a result of the
armistice, the nationalists
in central Italy voted to
unify under Piedmont.
Victor Emmanuel waited
because of his fear of
upsetting Napoleon III.
However, by 1860 Cavour
returned to his position as
Prime Minister.
March 1860: Treaty of Turin
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Treaty of Turin was
passed, allowing France to
keep Nice and Savoy.
It also stated that France
was to occupy Rome.
Piedmont got Lombardy,
Tuscany, and Parma.
Austria was only allowed
to keep Venetia.
April 2-5, 1860: Invasion of Sicily
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Garibaldi invades
Sicily and Francis II’s
25,000 troops crush
the revolt.
Garibaldi retreated to
Naples and included
the peasants in the
revolt by advocating
land reform.
October 26, 1860: Lead on Rome
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Cavour has Victor
Emmanuel lead the
army to Rome.
As a result Garibaldi
gave the King his
conquests rather than
fighting him.
1866: Secret Treaty with Prussia
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Italy signs a secret
treaty with Prussia.
The treaty stated that
if Prussia were to go
to war with Austria
and win with Italian
aid, Italy would get
Venetia.
1870: Franco-Prussian War
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Franco-Prussian War
causes the French to
remove their troops from
Rome.
This is upsetting to the
Pope because he wants to
have protection from the
French.
. Plebiscites in Rome are
sent out in Rome and they
voted to be part of Italy,
and Rome becomes the
capital.
German Unification Events
1834: Creation of the Zollverein
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A customs union of Zollverein was
formed at the initiative of Prussia
and was joined by most of the
German states.
The union abolished tariff
barriers and reduced the number
of currencies from over thirty to
two.
The creation of a network of
railways further stimulated
mobility, harnessing economic
interests to national unification.
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A wave of economic nationalism
strengthened the wider
nationalist sentiments growing at
the time.
Varied currencies and weights
and measures were obstacles to
economic growth, so the creation
of a unified economic territory
allowing the unhindered
movement of goods, people and
capita was needed.
The Zollverein had a significance
in the German Unification in that
it brought the little separate cities
closer together.
February 1848: Frankfurt Parliament
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The Frankfurt Parliament was a result
of the March Revolution.
The parliament tried to draft a
constitution for a unified Germany,
but the political opinion is too split.Liberals want a Constitutional
Monarchy
Radicals want a Republic with
universal male suffrage. There were
many suggestions on how to unify
Germany, one being
the Kleindeutschlandplan and the
other being
the Großdeutschlandplan.
It is significant because it was the
first time they tried to unite under a
constitution.
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The Großdeutschlandplan would
include Austria, whereas
the Kleindeutschlandplan would not.
They could not decide what do to
with Austria, but in the end they
agreed to the Kleindeutschlandplan,
which would exclude Austria.
They offered the crown to Wilhelm I,
but he denied the crown.
There were many suggestions on
how to unify Germany, one being
the Kleindeutschlandplan and the
other being
the Großdeutschlandplan
1852: Treaty of London
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The second, actual London
Protocol was recognized by
the five major European
powers, including Austria,
France, Prussia, Russia and the
UK, as well as the Baltic Sea
powers of Denmark and
Sweden.
Schleswig-Holstein are under
Denmark's authority, but not a
part of Denmark. Denmark is
not allowed to absorb the
twin Duchies
1864: War on Denmark
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Christian IX of
Denmark claims
Schleswig-Holstein Prussia declares war
on Denmark
Austria joins in to 'look
good' to the German
population
1865: End of Prussian-Danish War
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The Prussian-Danish
War ends.
Prussia gets Schleswig
and Austria gets
Holstein
May 1866: Reorganization of the
German Confederation
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Bismarck declares the
reorganization of the
German
Confederation without
Austria.
Austria was not happy
about this.
July 1866: Invasion of Austria
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von Moltke wants to
invade Austria, but
Bismarck does not as he
wants a quick peace with
them so he can win their
support in fighting
France Military alliance
with Piedmont.
If Piedmont joins Prussia in
war against Austria and
win, they will get Venetia.
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Military alliance with
France-France will get
Venetia if they stay
neutral in the war with
Austria.
Vague hints about maybe
giving France land in the
Rhineland or possibly
supporting the Doctrine of
Nationalities whereas it
concerns Belgium -known
as the "Belgium Document"
June 23, 1866: Battle of Sadowa
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Decisive battle in the Seven Weeks
War between Prussia and Austria,
fought at Sadowa, near Königgrätz,
Bohemia .
The Austrians, equipped with muzzleloading rifles and relying heavily on
the bayonet charge, were led by
Ludwig von Benedek
The Prussians, led
by Helmuth von Moltke, were armed
with breech-loading needle guns;
they used railroad transport to move
their troops, a first in European
warfare.
The Prussian victory led to Austria's
exclusion from a Prussian-dominated
Germany.
August 23, 1866: Treaty of Prague
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Austria gives up
political influence in
Schleswig-Holstein.
A non-punitive peace
as Bismarck wants no
hostility.
1867: Der Ausgleich
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Regulated the relations
between Austria and Hungary
and established the Dual
Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
The kingdom of Hungary had
desired equal status with the
Austrian Empire, which was
weakened by its defeat in the
Seven Week‘s war of 1866.
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The Austrian emperor
Francis Josephgave Hungary
full internal autonomy
together with a responsible
ministry, and in return
Hungary agreed that the
empire should still be a single
great state for purposes of
war and foreign affairs, thus
maintaining its dynastic
prestige abroad.
The Habsburg Empire
becomes the dual monarchy
Austria-Hungary
July 14, 1870: Ems Telegram
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Bismarck publishes
the Ems telegram.
A rewording of the
Kaiser's response in such
a way that it is
extremely rude.
The Ems telegram is
purposely published on
the anniversary of
Bastille Day to insult the
French and provoke
them into declaring war.
1870: Battle of Wörth
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This second battle
of Wörth took place on
6 August 1870 in the
opening stages of
the Franco-Prussian war.
Shows the overconfidence of the French
as they did not even
bother to dig defensive
trenches and
consequently lost.
1870: Battle of Sedan
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A disastrous defeat for the
French who are trapped,
after having taken a
valley, by mass artillery
fire from the Prussians on
the surrounding highlands.
This battle demonstrates
the Prussian superiority in
military technology and
shows the French tactics
are thus outdated.
1871: Treaty of Frankfurt
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The treaty of Frankfurt was a peace
Treaty signed with France at the end
of the Franco-Prussian war.
Germans hold Victory parade down
Champs-Élysées.
1694 villages and cities that used to
be under French control were now
under German control, and it
established the frontier between the
French Third Republic and the
German Empire.
The treaty was very punishing for
France, but this is worse for Germany
because now the Germans have
made a big enemy out of France.
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All of Alsace and half of Lorraine
given to Germany. Residents that
returned to Alsace-Lorraine could
decide between keeping their French
nationality and emigrating, or
remaining in the region and
becoming German citizens.
France also had to pay high
reparations.
They had to pay 5 billion francs in 5
years. William I of Prussia was
recognized the acceptance as
German Emperor.
Furthermore, it can be seen that it
started the battle over AlsaceLorraine between France and
Germany.
Question
Compare and contrast the aims and
achievements of Mazzini and Cavour.
Mazzini:
Cavour:
Mazzini created the philosophical idea of a unified Italy.
Cavour‘s agreement with Napoleon III .
Founded young.
Captured Palermo.
Mazzini closed in his beliefs and ideas.
Conquered all of the Kingdom of Naples, September 1860.
He did not want to compromise.
Plebiscite so that Naples and Sicily became a part of the
kingdom of Sardinia.
Did not want foreign help (Napoleon).
Wake-up call for Cavour
Disappointed with how Italy got unified after the unification.
Realpolitik: A system of politics or principles based on
practical rather than moral or ideological considerations .
Mazzini‘s uprisings were unsuccessful: 1834 in Genoa, South
America.
He strongly believed that only through diplomacy and policy
of war (similar to Bismarck's policy of 'blood and iron') could
Italian unification be achieved.
He wrote 1000 books of articles.
He united Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. Lombardy,
Tuscany, Parma and Papal States also united with Sardinia.
Was the head of the Roman Republic 1849 (lost quickly
again).
Finally in 1871, Rome was liberated from French control and
Italy was united, with the King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel
II, becoming the King of Italy with Rome as the Capital.
Mazzini was more philosophical and passive and all his
actual attempts failed.
He wanted unification through a democratic revolution but his
lofty ideals were not supported by the peasants and middle
classes. As a result, he failed in his efforts but prepared the
ground for others.
Thesis:
Both Mazzini and Cavour had achievements that contributed to the
Unification of Italy; however, the goals they had for these
achievements differed. Mazzini was a radical Republican who
desired to unite Italy as a republic, while Cavour’s main goal was to
relinquish the power of the Austrians in Italy. With consideration to
their successes and failures, Cavour’s contributions were greater than
those of Mazzini in the unification of Italy.
Goals and Ideology:
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Mazzini desired to have a united Italy that
was a republic.
He was very closed minded and didn’t want to
compromise on his goals.
He wanted to end Austrian hegemony through
Italian unity.
Cavour believed in Realpolitik and wanted to
keep Austria out of Italy no matter what the
cost was.
He believed that the only way to do this was
through the unification of Italy.
Contributions:
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Mazzini founded the “Young Italy” movement in
1836.
He was the head of the Roman Republic until 1849
when they lost power.
Fought in the 1848 Revolutions in Rome.
In the Second War for Italian Independence, Cavour
captured Palermo, all of the Kingdom of Naples,
and Sicily, through plebiscites.
He was the Prime Minister of Piedmont, but used the
power of King Victor Emmanuel unite Italy.
He gained foreign support from France and Prussia.
Success or Failure?
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Mazzini, although he made important contributions
ultimately failed in comparison to Cavour.
After the 1848 Revolution, Austria still controlled much of
Italy and other than spreading ideas of unification,
Mazzini’s efforts failed.
Cavour on the other hand was very successful, because of
his foreign relations with France, who helped them
significantly in the Franco-Austrian War (Second War for
Italian Independence).
He also received the help of Prussia through their secret
treaty, and by assisting them in the Austro-Prussian War
(Third War for Italian Independence), he was able to gain
control of the majority of Italy.
Conclusion:
Mazzini and Cavour did share in contributing to the events of Italian
unification, but their goals for doing so differed, since Mazzini
wanted a unified Italy and Cavour just wanted an Italy free of
Austrian influence. They also differed in their contributions, as Cavour
contributed after the initial efforts of Mazzini were made. The most
important difference between the two though, was the fact that
Cavour’s efforts succeeded in unifying Italy, while Mazzini’s failed.