Transcript Imperialism

Unit 6 Take Five
 When should the U.S. intervene
in the affairs of another
country?
 In what ways do dramatic
headlines influence American
opinion?
Imperialism
American Expansion
 Imperialism policy
in which stronger
nations extend their
economic, political,
or military control
over weaker nations
 Early 1900’s only
two nations in Africa
have their
independence
Reasons for Imperialism
1. Desire for Military Strength

Alfred T. Mahan Admiral of the U.S. Navy,
famous for advocating the build of U.S.
military, wrote Sea Power upon History,
Great White Fleet
Trip Around the World
Teddy’s Proof of Naval Power,
December 16, 1907- February 22, 1909
Reasons for Imperialism
2. Thirst for New Markets


New technology leads to surplus of goods
Which leads to a need for more markets
3. Cultural Superiority


Social Darwinism
WASP Superiority
Buying Alaska
 William Seward
Secretary of State,
advocated the
purchase of Alaska
territory from
Russia for $7.2
million in 1867
 2 cents an acre
Acquiring Hawaii
 1850’s American-owned sugar plantations
account for ¾ of islands wealth
 In 1875, U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian
sugar duty-free, leads to large increase in
production
 McKinley Tariff of 1890 ends this, creates
competition with American planters
 Planters call for annexation of Hawaii so
they could forgo paying duty-tax
Acquiring Hawaii
1887, U.S.
pressures
Hawaii to
allow U.S. to
build a Naval
Base at Pearl
Harbor.
Acquiring Hawaii
 Hawaii’s King Kalakaua, who was strong
armed by farmers, dies in 1891
 Sister, Queen Liliuokalani comes to power and
begins “Hawaii for Hawaiians” campaign
 Ambassador John L. Stevens with help of
Marines, organizes and carries out the
overthrow of the Queen.
 New government headed by Sanford B. Dole
 On Aug. 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed
Hawaii a U.S. territory
Top Left: King Kalakaua
Top Right: Queen Liliuokalani
Bottom Left: Sanford B. Dole
Cuba Rebels
 By the end of the 19th century Spanish
empire has dwindled
 1854 U.S. tried to buy Cuba from
Spain
 1868-1878, first Cuban rebellion,
unsuccessful, however it does lead to
the abolition of slavery in 1886
 1895 second revolution in Cuba
begins
Cuba Libre
 Jose Marti Cuban
poet and journalist,
organized a second
Cuban Revolution
 Marti used Guerilla
campaigns targeted
at destroying
American-owned
property
 Marti wanted to entice
U.S. intervention
Spain’s Response
 Spain responds to
revolt by sending
Valeriano Weyler
 Weyler “The
Butcher” sets up
concentration
camps to control
the rural population
(300,000)
Headline News
 Yellow Journalism sensationalized and/or
exaggerated stories written to lure and enrage
readers
 Hearst (New York Journal) and Pulitzer (New
York World) used their publications to fan war
fever
 Hearst, speaking to his staff artist, stated, “You
furnish me the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”
De Lome Letter
 1897, McKinley takes office
 McKinley tries diplomacy to deter war
 Successful at first as Spain recalls
Weyler
 Feb. 9th 1898, De Lome Letter published
in New York Journal, letter calls McKinley
“weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of
the crowd”
War Erupts
 Late January 1898, U.S.S. Maine arrives
in the Havana Harbor
 February 15, 1898 the U.S.S. Maine
explodes in the Havana Harbor
 Blamed on a Spanish mine
 4 months later the U.S. declares war on
Spain
Spanish American War
 War declared on April 20th
1898
 War was declared even
though Spain met every
diplomatic demand of the
U.S. including a six month
cease-fire
 First battle takes place in the
Philippines
 George Dewey commander
of the Pacific Fleet of the
U.S. Navy, they lead the first
attack of the war by
destroying every Spanish
ship in the Philippines.
The War in the Caribbean
& the Rough Riders
 Hostilities in the Caribbean began as a
blockade.
 U.S. Navy effectively sealed up Spanish
Fleet in Cuba
 In June 1898, 17,000 U.S. troops land in
Cuba
 Troops are largely made up of volunteer
forces including the cavalry unit the Rough
Riders
San Juan Hill
 July 1 1898, Roosevelt’s cavalry unit Minus
the
charge uphill at nearby Kettle Hill and
secure a victory.
 The victory cleared the way for an attack on
San Juan Hill in which the U.S. wins another
important battle.
 Two days after the capture of San Juan Hill
Spanish Fleet tries to escape U.S. fleet and are
destroyed
Treaty of Paris
 Armistice, (cease-fire) ends fighting on
August 12th
 U.S. and Spain meet in Paris to settle the
terms of the treaty
 Spain frees Cuba and sells the
Philippines to the U.S. for 20 million
Treaty of Paris
 Spain also gives the United States
control of Guam and Puerto Rico
 Treaty set off debate over whether or not
the United States could annex these
territories
 Senate on February 6, 1899, approved
the Treaty of Paris
Take Five…
The Spanish-American War was fought to
a. allow Cuba to become a part of the U.S.
b. Free Cuba from Spanish rule
c. Assist Spain in establishing control of the
Cuban government
d. Remove the U.S. military presence in
Cuba
Puerto Rico
 During the Spanish-American War
Puerto Rico was controlled U.S. forces
 The U.S. decides after war that Puerto
Rico is too important to give up b/c of its
location relative to the Panama Canal
 1900, Congress passes Foraker Act,
this act ends military rule and sets up a
civil government in Puerto Rico
 Also gives the President the right to
chose Puerto Rico’s Governor
Cuba and the U.S.
 When war was declared on Spain the
U.S. recognized Cuba’s independence
 Following the war Cuba was independent
however, the U.S. occupied the country
until 1903
 1900 Cuba’s gov’t wrote a constitution, it
failed to mention their relationship with
the U.S.
Cuba and the U.S.
 In response the U.S. forces Cuba to add the
Platt Amendment to their constitution
 Platt Amendment:
 Cuba could not make treaties that limited their
own independence or permitted a foreign power
to control any aspect of its territory
 U.S. has right to intervene
 Cuba can not go into debt
 U.S. could buy land for naval bases
 Becomes a Treaty between them and
makes Cuba a U.S. protectorate
Filipino Rebellion
 Filipinos were outraged by the Treaty
of Paris
 Emilio Aguinaldo leads a rebellion
early in 1899, b/c they feel that they
were promised their independence.
 U.S. has to send troops to suppress
the rebellion, and use tactics similar to
what Spain used in Cuba.
Philippine-American War
 The U.S. sends 70,000 troops to the
Philippines
 Takes nearly 3 years to suppress the
rebellion
 Costs $400,000,000 and claims the lives
24,000; 4,000 U.S., 20,000 Filipinos
 After the war U.S. sets up gov’t similar to
Puerto Rico
 U.S. grants their independence July 4, 1946
Foreign Influence in China
 The U.S. uses the Philippines as a
gateway to Asia
 At this time China was weakened by war
and most of its coast was becoming
occupied by Imperialistic Powers.
 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay not
wanting the U.S. to get shut out of China
issues the Open Door notes (1899)
Foreign Influence in China
 Open Door notes
policy statements
addressed to
imperialistic nations
to propose the
sharing of trading
rights in China
 Other nations
reluctantly agree
Boxer Rebellion
 Imperialistic Nations who control most large
cities in China anger many Chinese
 Some formed secret groups who plotted to
remove the imperialistic nations from China
 Most famous called the Boxers b/c they
practiced martial arts
 The Boxers began to rebel killing anybody
somewhat western: missionaries, foreigners,
and Christian converts
 Aug. 1900 U.S. and other imperialistic nations
suppress Boxer Rebellion by November
Roosevelt the Peacemaker
 1904 Russian and Japan go to war over
Korea
 In 1905, Japanese were beginning to run
out of resources (unknown to Russia as
Japan was winning the War) so they ask
Teddy to mediate an end to the war
 Japanese get Korea and Manchuria and
Teddy wins 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his
mediation
Panama Canal
 Canal across Central America had been
discussed by G.B. and U.S. since 1850’s
 In 1900, G.B signs treaty giving the U.S.
exclusive rights to build and control a
canal across Central America
 A canal was begun by a French company
but after 10 years of trying they sold the
rights to the U.S. for $40 million
Panama Canal
 Before 1903, Panama location was
owned by Columbia, U.S. had to ask their
permission before they could begin.
 When talks between U.S. and Columbia
break down the U.S. supports a
Panamanian Rebellion
 Panama gains their independence in
November 1903. 15 days later they sign a
treaty allowing the U.S. to build and
oversee the canal
Panama Canal
 Construction took 10 years and is
considered one of the greatest
engineering feats ever
 Construction was very difficult b/c of
disease and soft soil
 More than 5,600 workers died while
working on the canal
Roosevelt Corollary
 In the late 19th century many Latin American
countries had borrowed money from European
banks.
 Teddy worried that they might default on their
loans and that might draw Europe Latin
America
 Roosevelt reminds Europe of the Monroe
Doctrine and adds Roosevelt Corollary which
stated that the U.S. would use force to protect
its interest in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy
 Under Taft the United States continued to
follow the Roosevelt Corollary
 Taft uses the U.S. government to guarantee
loans made to foreign countries by American
people
 This was called Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson’s Diplomacy
 Wilson continues to add to the Monroe
Doctrine by stating that the United States
had a moral responsibility to make sure
that Latin American countries were
Democratic, non-oppressive, and
responsive to the U.S.
 No longer would the U.S. recognize all
governments ruling over lands
Mexican Trouble
 Early 1900’s Mexico was ruled by a
military dictator Porfirio Diaz.
 Peasant revolt places Francisco Modero
in power
 Modero was not very successful and is
overthrown by General Victeriano Huerta
 Wilson refuses to recognize his regime
Mexican Trouble
 The U.S. waited for an opportunity to
step into Mexico
 The U.S. gets their chance and it nearly
leads to war.
 Huerta Regime falls apart and leads
Venustiano Carranza to power.
Rebellion in Mexico
 Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata
oppose Carranza’s gov’t and begin to lead a
rebellion
 Zapata was dedicated to land reform
 Pancho was a fierce nationalist
 The U.S. sent engineers to Mexico to operate
Mexican mines, Pancho took them off the train
and killed two of them
 Pancho supporters also kill 17 Americans in a
raid of Columbus, New Mexico
 U.S. sends John J. Pershing and his
expeditionary force to find and kill
Pancho Villa
Panama Canal
 Panama Canal