Transcript Chapter 22: The French Revolution and Napoleon

Chapter 22: The French
Revolution and Napoleon
French Revolution Begins
Causes of the French Revolution
• 1. Inequality between the social classes
• 2. Ideas of the Enlightenment
– Out with the old monarchial system
– However do it through peaceful measures
• 3. Collapse of the French economy
Causes of the French Revolution
• 1. Inequality between the social classes
– First Estate: Clergy (130,000)
– Second Estate: Nobility (350,000)
– Third Estate: Middle Class and Peasants (26.5 million)
• Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) complained of noble privilege
– Bankers, doctors, lawyers, merchants
• Peasants: had to pay duty to nobles (serfdom)
• Craftsman: price of goods rose quicker than wages
• All had to pay Taille (Income Tax)
Causes of the French Revolution
• 2. Ideas of the Enlightenment
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Out with the old monarchial system
However do it through peaceful measures
Rousseau and Locke led charge in philosophy
Similar to what we saw in American Revolution
Causes of the French Revolution
• 3. Collapse of the French economy
– Bad harvests of crops
– Manufacturing issues
– Monarchy’s extreme spending for:
• Helping the American colonists
• Marie Antoinette’s shopping
• Palace luxuries
The National Assembly
• May 5, 1789
– Meeting of the Estates-General
– Third Estate has twice as many as any other Estate
• Their goal was to set up constitutional government.
• June 17, 1789
– Declared themselves the National Assembly and were drafting
constitution
• Tennis Court Oath (June 20)
– After being locked out of Assembly, swore to create their own
Constitution
Tensions Rise
• July 14th, 1789
– The Bastille
• Prison and armory in Paris
• Stormed by Parisians
• After 4 hours, the warden surrenders and is beheaded
• The Great Fear
– Constant threat of a military intervention from the king
– Peasant rebellions in every village
End of the Monarchy
• August 26th, 1789
– Declaration of the Rights of Man is adopted
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All men free and equal before the law
No group exempt form taxes
Public office based on merit
Freedom of speech and the press
Did not include women
• October 5th, 1789
– Louis XVI forced to accept the Declaration by the people
– A day later forced to return to Paris
End of the Monarchy
• Catholic Church
– National Assembly seizes control of Church
– Sells off land to help settle the French Budget
– Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• The people will elect church officials
• State will pay their salaries as well to keep them in line
• New Constitution of 1791
– Limited monarchy
– King existed but the Legislative Assembly made the laws
– Many people disagreed with the new government
End of the Monarchy
• Paris Commune
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Group of radicals
Wanted to reform the government
Took Louis XVI captive
Universal Male Suffrage
• All adult males had the right to vote
– Identified by the long pants that they wore instead of knee
length pants
Chapter 22: The French
Revolution and Napoleon
Radical Revolution and Reaction
The National Convention
• New governing body in France
– Mostly young lawyers and other professionals
– September 21, 1792: Abolished the monarchy
– Radicalism grew with groups such as Girondins, Mountain,
and Jacobins
– January 21, 1793: Louis XVI is executed
• Weapon of choice: Guillotine
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• Committee of Public Safety
– Maximilien Robespierre
– Job was to defend France from domestic threats
– Anyone against the radicals were executed
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40,000 killed (16,000 by guillotine)
Marie Antoinette executed
City of Lyon used as example
City of Nantes: Victims loaded onto a barge then sunk
Reign of Terror
• Republic of Virtue (Robespierre)
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Democratic republic composed of good people
Education for everyone
Slavery abolished
De-Christianization of France
• All cathedrals became “temples of reason”
• All use of term “saint” removed
• Calendar
– Each month was 3 ten day weeks
– Began on September 22nd 1792 (1st day of French Republic)
• Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794 to end it
The Directory
• Set up under the Constitution of 1795
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2 legislative houses of 500 (Lower) and 250 (upper)
Council of 500 drafted laws
Council of Elders accepted the laws
All members elected by electors (30,000 voters in all
France)
• The Directory (1795-1799)
– Council of 5 chosen by the Elders
– Known for corruption
– 1799: Napoleon destroys Directory and seizes power
Chapter 22: The French
Revolution and Napoleon
The Rise of Napoleon and the
Napoleonic Wars
The Rise of Napoleon
• Born 1769 in Corsica (Italian descent)
• Always had a mind for military and rose thru ranks
– 1792: Captain in French army
– 1794: Brigadier General
– 1796: Commander of the armies in Italy
• Defeated Papal States, Austrians, and Northern Italy
• Took control of Egypt from British (Lost it in Naval Battle)
• By now he was a National Hero
The Rise of Napoleon
• Napoleon Becomes Emperor
– Named the First consul after helping with the coup d’etat
in 1799
– Overthrew the Directory
– Role as consul
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Appoint officials
Control army
Conduct foreign affairs
Control legislation
– Named himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804
Napoleon as Emperor
• Catholic Church
– Renamed Catholicism the officially religion
– Pope could not get any land back
• Civil Code/ Napoleonic Code
– 300 law systems into 1
– Kept the spirit of the revolution
• Minus loss of freedom of press and some speech
– Women and children loss rights
• Aristocracy based on merit
– 60% was from the middle class
Napoleon’s Empire
• Claimed he wanted to peace but actions showed
otherwise
– War with Britain, Austria, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia
– By 1807, defeated Austria, Russia, and Prussia
– 1807-1812: Controlled most of Europe
• Only people against him were Russia, Britain, Sweden, and
Portugal
• Could never conquer Britain because of their navy
Napoleon’s Empire
• Desired to spread the ideas of the French Revolution
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Equality
Religious tolerance
Economic freedom
Desire to destroy old world order (Monarchy)
• 2 things caused the empire to decline
– 1. Britain’s naval supremacy
– 2. Rise of Nationalism
• Belief in your own country’s issues being superior to all others
Fall of Napoleon
• 1812: Russia
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Grand Army invades Russia in June
Reason: Russia’s avoidance of Continental System
Russians did not fight but rather retreated deeper in Russia
Burned all villages along the way (Why?)
Napoleon led “Great Retreat”
• 40,000 out of 600,000 survived
Fall of Napoleon
• Defeat at Russia led to overthrow of French
government
• March 1814, Napoleon exiled to Elba
– Monarchy restored with Louis XVIII
– Limited support for monarchy
• Napoleon returns and regains support of the army
• Returns to Paris in March of 1815 to rule
Fall of Napoleon
• Battle of Waterloo
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June 18, 1815
Napoleon vs. Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia
Attacked troops in Belgium
Led by Duke of Wellington, British and Prussian troops
defeat Napoleon
– Exiled to St. Helena where he dies in 1821
Congress of Vienna
• Met in September 1814
• Final peace agreement
• Goals:
– Re-establish the old order
– Arrange the territories in Europe
– Establish conservatism
• Social stability, obedience to government and organized religion
– Principle of Intervention
• Great Powers had right to send troops to restore fallen monarchies
Results of Congress of Vienna
Napoleon’s Tomb (Dome des Invalides)