Transcript humch19 - Homework Market

19
The Triumph
of the Bourgeoisie
1830–1871
Triumph of the Bourgeoise
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The “bourgeoisie" is a social class characterized by their
ownership of capital, and their related culture. The terms
"bourgeois" (masculine) and "bourgeoise" (feminine)
culturally identify the man or woman who is a member of the
wealthiest social class of a given society.
The American and French Revolutions seem to promise
political power to the disenfranchised and the Industrial
Revolution offered hope for a higher standard of living for the
oppressed, but these expectations remained largely unfulfilled
in Europe.
Benefits were reaped mainly by one group, the bourgeoise,
and left behind was the new class created by the industrial
revolution, the proletariat, or working class.
19-2
Response to Inequality
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Faced with the period’s unequal social conditions, many urban
workers joined by frustrated members of the other classes, acted out
their frustration through direct political action and social
movements. They demanded universal suffrage and a fairer
distribution of power and wealth.
Rejecting the creed of the bourgeoise, the disillusioned set forth the
ideals of socialism and successive waves of revolutionary uprisings
only resulted in limited change by the ruling elites and social
resentment of injustice continued.
By mid-century, realism had replaced romanticism, as the leading
artistic style, reflecting the new social and political order by
focusing on ordinary people and the “heroism of everyday life.”
Traditional beliefs were challenged by such scientific discoveries as
Darwin’s theory of evolution; Pasteur’s germ theory of disease, and
the invention of the camera.
19-3
The Age of the Bourgeoisie
19-4
Liberalism and Nationalism
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The twin forces of liberalism and nationalism drove many of
the period’s events. Liberalism, that individuals should be
free from external control (free speech, religious toleration,
voting rights for property owners) resonated with the
bourgeois class’s need to liberate itself from the control of
aristocratic forces.
However, liberalism also promoted “laissez-faire” economics,
which allowed the wealthy class to enrich themselves at the
expense of the working classes.
In contrast nationalism emphasized cooperation among all of
a country’s people who shared a common language and
heritage. Sometimes those embraced republican and
democratic ideas, at other times it was more militant and
ethnocentric.
19-5
Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815
19-6
Liberalism and Nationalism
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In response to the repressive politics imposed by the Congress of
Vienna in 1815 there were the Revolutions of 1830 in France,
Belgium, and Poland and the Revolutions of 1848 across much of
Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Denmark).
These liberal forces were responding to nationalistic goals and
dissatisfaction with the economy and unemployment. However,
the conservative powers rallied to defeat the generally
disorganized revolutionaries and reclaimed their power.
Conservative regimes turned to “Realpolitik” (power policies)
using strong and efficient armies and short fierce wars to resolve
any problems that arose. Otto von Bismarck, prime minister of
Prussia, mocked the failure of liberal parliamentary reforms and
asserted that his country’s fate would not be settled with speeches
but with “blood and iron.”
19-7
Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
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France and Great Britain saw limited reform. Louis-Napoléon
Bonaparte, the nephew of the French emperor, became
Napoleon III by appealing to both the bourgeoisie and the
working class.
Napoleon III ruled as a benign despot supported by a growing
middle class and expanding industrial base and providing the
poor with social services and allowing most urban workers
and farmers to maintain a decent standard of living.
In England, under Queen Victoria, civil rights were gradually
expanded giving more and more working class males the right
to vote. Great Britain reached its apex of power of economic
power and prestige, although the suffering of the working
class as a result of the Industrial Revolution remained severe.
19-8
Franz Xaver Winterhalter, “Queen Victoria and Family” (1846)
19-9
European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
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In the German-speaking states, liberalism was discarded in
favor of militant nationalism. William I of Prussia and
Bismarck used the fierce Prussian army and deft diplomacy
to form the scattered German states into a single empire in
1871.
Germany than embarked on the Franco-Prussian War,
humiliating France and planting the seeds that lead to the
First World.
In 1861 the various states in Italy were unified after driving
out the Austrians and Spanish forces. Giuseppe Garibaldi
and his “red shirts” were instrumental in helping Italy to
unite under King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.
19-10
Civil War in the United States
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The unresolved issue of slavery in the southern states caused
the United States to descend into Civil War over the fate of
four million black in slavery.
After the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, eleven
southern states seceded from the Union resulting in a war that
would last over four years and cost the lives of over 620,000
Union and Confederate soldiers.
The defeat of the Confederacy preserved the Union and the
13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawed the scourge
of slavery.
The 14th Amendment granted equality to all citizens and the
15th Amendment granted blacks the right to vote, but the
failure of Reconstruction and racism would stop those laws
from becoming a reality for many black citizens in the U.S.
until the mid-20th century.
19-11
U.S. Civil War, the Battle of Chickamauga, 1864
19-12
Major
Political
Events of
1815–1871
19-13
Europe in 1871
19-14
Industrialism, Technology, and Warfare
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Industrialism spread across most of Europe and the United
States. New technologies such as steamships, steam locomotives
made industry and travel quicker and more efficient.
The expansion of railroad lines allowed the movement of goods
and people across vast continents. Vast canals allowed shorter
routes for water transportation.
The telegraph and, in 1866,the first transatlantic telegraph cable
allowed communications across the shrinking globe. Water
turbines allowed for the growth of sawmills, textile plants, and
eventually hydroelectric plants.
Gas-lighting with coal gas was developed in the early 1800’s and
by the 1870’s most European towns and cities were outfitted with
gas lights. Oil was developed as a new power source for
kerosene lamps (gasoline was considered a waste product at the
time, but that would soon change).
19-15
Industrialism, Technology, and Warfare
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The new military technology included steam-powered
warships, railway engines to haul troops and supplies, and
the development of new breech-loading cannon, and
breechloading rifles that fired using a metal cartridge (as
opposed to the muzzle-loaders loose powder and ball).
Lever and bolt-action rifles, as well as multi-shot revolvers
increased the killing power of European armies.
The industrial military complex, with weapons from arms
manufacturers and orders from government procurement
offices continued to grow and the manufacturing of new and
more efficient weapons of destruction fueled and was fueled
by the Industrial Revolution.
19-16
British Martini-Henry Rifle (1871)
19-17
The Gatling Gun was Developed in 1865
19-18
Social Costs of the Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution spread, but do to the laissez-faire
policies all of the wealth went to the owners and
industrialists. The suffering and the squalid circumstances
of the working class, who made this great production of
wealth possible, was ignored.
There were no laws to protect workers, children and women
were exploited, the working poor and their families were
crowded into slums and ghettos, without sanitation or access
to clean water.
The slums became breeding grounds for class hatred and
offered ready audiences for revolutionaries and socialists
advocating for social justice and change. The rebellions that
flashed across the continent were largely caused by the
frustration of the working class.
19-19
The Struggle
of the Working
Class in the
Industrial Age
19-20
Tenement Conditions
19-21
Tenement Conditions
19-22
Child
Workers
19-23
Child Laborers
19-24
Child Coal Mine
Workers
19-25
Child
Coal Mine
Workers
19-26
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy
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Liberalism Redefined- liberalism had always argued for free
expression for each human being, but now that was being used to
justify economic policies that seemed to bring nothing but poverty,
degradation, and injustice for workers and new voices called for a
new approach to deal with the evils of industrial capitalism.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher and social
theorist advocated “utilitarianism.” He argued that “utility” was the
supreme moral principle. That is, what results in the “greatest good
for the greatest number of people.
The brilliant English philosopher John Stuart Mill (806-73) feared
the industrial revolution and the powerful state would destroy
individual rights and human dignity. In his book “On Liberty”
(1859), he argued that the continued existence of a civilized
community required that the fullest freedom of speech, discussion,
and behavior that was possible, as long as no person was physically
harmed. Mills also believed that distribution of the benefits of
industrialism should be divided under rational lines
19-27
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Socialism
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Socialism began as a reaction to the injustices of the industrialized
world and came to be its most severe critic, holding out a vision of
what society might become if only certain fundamental reforms
were made.
The Utopian Socialists had their greatest impact prior to 1848.
They believed that the problem with capitalism was, realistically
enough, that workers were not receiving their fair share for their
efforts and the wealth they produced. They proposed a number of
alternatives, none of them very realistic, to solve this inequality.
The Marxists, who flourished after 1848, followed the views of Karl
Marx (1818-1883). Marx's work in economics laid the basis for
much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to
capital, and subsequent economic thought.
He is one of the founders of sociology and social science. He
published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable
being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867–
1894).
19-28
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)
19-29
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Socialism
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Marx studied Hegel’s dialectical explanation of historical
change, but as an atheist he rejected Hegel’s emphasis on spirit.
Marx believed that the various stages of historical development
were propelled by class conflict.
The bourgeoise had emerged out of the collapse of the feudal
system and would be replaced by the proletariat (working class).
He saw society as merely a reflection of the values of the ruling
class (the bourgeoise) which enacted laws and set up society in
such a way as to keep themselves in power.
He believed that the proletariat should, and would, rise up, rebel
and install a classless society. This would lead to communism
where all class distinctions would be abolished and exploitation
of the masses would end.
Marx’s views on class conflict are still applicable to this day,
although the utopian aspects of his ultimate communal society
is largely rejected.
19-30
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Religion
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In the field of religion “evangelicalism,” with its focus on
personal salvation (being “born again”) and strict biblical
faith, gained power in many of the Protestant faiths
(particularly in America).
A reactionary and repressive papacy denounced many
modern ideas and in 1870 proclaimed the doctrine of
“papal infallibility.”
Generally, the religious world felt threatened by modern
scientific thought
However, some German Protestant scholars began a
movement called “Higher criticism,” which studied the
books of the Bible not as inspired books, but rather as a set
of human writings susceptible to interpretation and mistake
and challenged their literal interpretation.
19-31
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Science
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Geologists discredited the Biblical story of creation and biologists
questioned the divine origins of human beings.
Charles Darwin (1809-82) published his On the Origin of Species
(1859) proving that the theory of evolution was a principle of
biological development. He published his Descent of Man in 1871
that portrayed human beings as being the outcome of millions of
years of evolution.
Atomic theory was developed in the early 1800’s and the Periodic
table of elements was developed in 1869.
Louis Pasteur (1822-95) developed the germ theory of disease
which ushered in the age of modern medicine.
Painkillers - In 1804 morphine was first extracted from opium. In
the 1840’s nitrous oxide and chloroform were developed. In 1851
the modern glass syringe was invented. These desensitizers
revolutionized the treatment of disease and made modern surgery
possible.
19-32
Charles Darwin (1809-82) & Louis Pasteur (1822-95)
19-33
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
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The middle class embraced both neoclassicism and
romanticism, but soon grew mundane and pretentious under
the patronage of the middle class and the growing ability of the
state to control art through its art academies (like the French
Royal Academy of Art).
In reaction a new style, known as “realism” began to develop.
The realists depicted ordinary people without idealizing them
or romanticizing them, although a moral point of view was
almost always implied.
Realist attempted to show what they saw around them, the
middle and working classes. As a result, merchants,
housewives, workers, peasants, and even prostitutes replaced
kings, queens, aristocrats, saints, and heroes as the subjects of
paintings and novels.
19-34
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
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In literature the height of French Romanticism was seen in the
work of Victor Hugo 1802-85). His The Hunchback of Notre
Dame (1831) and Les Misérables (1862) are still considered
classics.
Romanticism in the English novel was best illustrated by the
Bronte sisters. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847) tells a
classic tale of love and redemption. Charlotte Bronte published
Jane Eyre in the same year telling a dark and melancholy story
of a governesses love for her brooding employer.
In the United States the “transcendentalists” flourished in New
England and was critical of formal religion, believing the
divinity is accessible without the necessity of meditation and that
the divine spirit manifests itself in many forms. Henry David
Thoreau and his book Walden (1854) is the most influential
novel of this genre.
19-35
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
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By the middle of the 1800’s realism began to replace
romanticism in literature. Realism in French novels was
showcased by the works of Honoré de Balzac and his work
The Human Comedy a series of short stories and novels which
presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815
fall of Napoleon.
French realism was furthered by Gustave Flaubert and his
novel Madame Bovary (1857) which created a scandal with its
unvarnished tale of adultery.
England’s most popular realist was Charles Dickens (181270) who favored stories dealing with the harsh realities of the
Industrial Age. He wrote such classics as Oliver Twist, David
Copperfield, and A Christmas Carol, among many others.
19-36
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
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By the middle of the 1800’s realism began to replace
romanticism in literature. Realism in French novels was
showcased by the works of Honoré de Balzac and his work
The Human Comedy a series of short stories and novels which
presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815
fall of Napoleon.
French realism was furthered by Gustave Flaubert and his
novel Madame Bovary (1857) which created a scandal with its
unvarnished tale of adultery.
England’s most popular realist was Charles Dickens (181270) who favored stories dealing with the harsh realities of the
Industrial Age. He wrote such classics as Oliver Twist, David
Copperfield, and A Christmas Carol, among many others.
19-37
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
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The middle of the 19th century also saw the rise of the great Russian
realists who received international acclaim. Most famous among
these were Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) and Fyodor Dostoyevsky (182188). Both authors transcended Western realism by stressing religious
and spiritual themes.
Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina describes the unhappy consequences of
adultery in an sophisticated but unforgiving society and War and
Peace is a monumental work of Russian during the Napoleonic era.
Dostoyevsky introduced many modern literary devices in his
masterworks such as Crime and Punishment (1866) and The
Brothers Karamazov (1879-80).
Realism was also illustrated in the U.S. by works like Narrative of the
Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) in which Douglass tells the
autobiographical story of his escape from slavery and in the writings
and speeches of Sojourner Truth.
19-38
Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth
19-39
Delacroix, “Hamlet
and Horatio in the
Graveyard”
(1839)
The Romantic painters
still continued to be
popular in the early
1800’s but would soon
be transcended by the
school of realism
19-40
Jean-AugusteDominique
Ingres,
“The Turkish
Bath” (1862)
Ingres, (ANG-gruh)
the romantic painter
covered last chapter,
showed the 19th
century bourgeois
fascination with
Oriental themes (and
the resultant female
nudity).
Ingres was a master
of the female nude
during this period,
often painting then in
a Turkish setting
18-41
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, “Odalisque with Slave (1842)
18-42
Albert Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountain Lander’s Peak (1863)
This was known as “luminism” a type of Romantic painting that emphasized
nature rather than individuals
18-43
Albert Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountain Lander’s Peak (1863)
18-44
From Romanticism to Realism in Painting
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Romantic painters like Ingres and Delacroix remained popular
through much of the 19th century and “luminism” developed
particularly in America with painters like and poets like Ralph
Waldo Emerson (1803-82).
But a new breed of painter began to depict real-life events.
Painters like Honoré Daumier (1808-79), Édouard Manet
(1882-1883), Gustave Courbet (1819-77), Jean-François
Millet (1814-1875), and Rosa Bonheur (1822-99) revitalized
painting with their extreme realism.
These painters shook up the art world, often causing
controversy and shocking the critics and members of the art
world.
19-45
Honoré Daumier, “The Third-Class Carriage” (1864)
19-46
Honoré Daumier,
The Chess Players
(1863)
Honoré Daumier, “The
Miller,the Son, and his Donkey”
(1849)
19-47
Édouard Manet,
In the
Conservatory
(1879)
Manet was one
of the first
19th-century
artists to paint
modern life
19-48
Édouard Manet , “Olympia” (1863)
The painting caused shock and astonishment because the nude looks at the viewer with a confrontational
gaze and is adorned with a number of details identifying her as a prostitute.
19-49
Edouard
Manet,
“Luncheon
on the Grass”
(1862)
When shown
at the Salon
des Refusés,
the painting
sparked
public
notoriety and
controversy
19-50
Édouard Manet , “A Bar at the Folies-Bergere” (1882)
19-51
Gustave
Courbet,
Self-portrait
(The Desperate
Man),
c. 1843–45
Courbet was the
artist most
identified with the
realist movement.
His provocative
work outraged and
shocked the critics
and middle class
viewers alike and
was the heart of the
militant realist
movement
19-52
Gustave Courbet, “Interior of my Studio” (1855)
19-53
Gustave Courbet,“Le Sommeil (Sleep)” (1866)
19-54
Gustave Courbet, The
Bather, 1868
The Grain Sifters (Les Cribleuses
de blé), 1854
19-55
Gustave
Courbet,
“Les Bas
Blancs,
(Woman
with White
Stockings)”
ca 1861
Courbet’s
realistic
female
nudes
shocked the
public, but
none more
than the
next picture.
19-56
Gustave Courbet, “The Origin of the World” (1866)
This classic work of realism shocked the art world in the 19th century (as it does today) with
many considering it “pornographic.” It currently hangs in the
19-57
Musée d'Orsay in Paris.
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair (1853-55)
Bonheur, a French realist, is widely
considered to have been the most famous
female painter of the nineteenth century
19-58
Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners (1857) and
Woman Baking Bread (1854)
Millet was a French realist
painter specializing in peasant
scenes
19-59
Photography and Music
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Photography was an important force in realism. The
“daguerreotype” method implanted images on silvered copper
plates. Later the negative-positive process of photography was
developed. Soft focus images seem to delve into personality
and character, while sharp focus presented images in a realist
manner.
Music- The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) was
Italy’s greatest composer of opera. The German, Richard
Wagner (1813-83) sought a union of music and drama with his
Ring cycle, Die Walkire (The Valkrie) (1856) is exciting to this
day. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30QzJKCUekQ
Another German, Johannes Brahms (1833-97) dominated
orchestral and chamber music after 1850, introducing folk
melodies into his pieces.
19-60
Julia Margaret Cameron,
“Beatrice” (1866)
Matthew Brady
“Abraham Lincoln (1860)
19-61
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
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The dual nature of political revolutions.
The development of “Realpolitik.”
Liberalism and individual precedence over the group
and the development of Marxism in response to the
social injustice of the Industrial age.
Darwin’s theory of evolution; Pasteur and germ
theory.
The evangelical movement.
Romanticism and realism
Manet’s credo, “art for art’s sake”
19-62