Transcript Chapter 8 * Revolutions in Europe and Latin America, 1790

Section 1 An Age of Ideologies



Turn to page 214 in your book
Read through the timeline
Analyze pictures and maps

Father Miguel
Hidalgo urges
Mexicans to fight for
independence from
Spain
Father Miguel Hidalgo

Simon Bolivar, later
known as “The
Liberator,” seizes
Bogota from the
Spanish
Simon Bolivar

French revolutionaries
battle the king’s troops
in the streets of Paris
French Revolution of
1830



After 1815, conservatives called for a return
to the political and social structure that
existed before 1789
Liberals embraced the ideas of the
Enlightenment and wanted to limit the power
of monarchs
Nationalists threatened the powerful empires
of Europe by pushing for independence.



Conflicts emerged as conservative leaders
opposed liberal and nationalist demands
List three goals that conservative politicians
may have had during this time
List three goals that liberal politicians may
have had during this time







Divide into three groups
Group 1 = conservativism
Group 2 = liberalism
Group 3 = nationalism
Each group must outline its political
movement by listing the attitudes, goals
policies, and actions.
Assign two members to be the “experts”
Experts must teach the other groups about
their political movement
Goal
1. To create a lasting peace, by establishing a
balance of power

2.
Protecting the system of monarchy


An attempt to turn back the clock to pre
French Revolution 1789
Wanted to make the rest of Europe forget
about the French Revolution and Napoleon



Congress of Vienna was a victory for the
conservatives
Conservatives supported the Old Order, or
the way things were in Europe before
Napoleon and the French Revolution
Old Order appealed to peasants because of
its simplicity and rules

Conservatives thought that defending peace
and creating stability benefitted all people of
Europe


The ideological opposition to conservatives
were liberals and nationalists
Liberals and Nationalists believed in the ideas
of the Enlightenment


Wanted governments to be based on a written
constitution with separation of powers
Spoke out against divine-right monarchy


1800’s national groups who shared common
heritage set out to win there own states
Nationalism gave people with a common
heritage a sense of identity and a goal of
creating their own homeland

Ideas of liberalism and nationalism inspired
revolts against the Old Order




United by Karageorge, Serbs revolted against
the Ottomans beginning in 1804-1813
Serbs fought a guerrilla war style
Unsuccessful but forged a united Serbian
identity
By 1830 Serbs won autonomy from Ottoman
Empire with the help of Russia



National identity, heritage and shared history
forged a strong bond between Greeks
After winning support from Western Europe,
Britain, France and Russia aided Greece in
forcing the Ottomans to grant independence
to some Greek provinces
By 1830 Greece completely independent


By the late 1820’s Southern Europe is nearly
about to erupt with nationalist and liberalist
revolutions
Metternich and other Old Order leaders
struggled to put out the fires of national and
liberal revolutionaries
Section 2 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The Charter of French Liberties
1. Created by Louie XVIII after COV
2. Is a written Constitution
3. Created a two house legislature
4. Limited freedom of the press


Few people were satisfied
Ultraroyalists
(supporters of the King)
•Ultraroyalists
1. Supporters of the King
2. Despised constitutional
government
3. Wanted to restore the Old Regime
Charles X, brother of Louis XVIII
1. Became King after the death of his brother
(1824)
2. Strong believer in absolutism
3. Rejected the idea of the Charter of French
Liberties

July 1830, Charles X
1. Suspended the legislature
2. Limited the right to vote
3. Restricted the press


In Paris, angry liberal and radical citizens
responded with force
Within days, radicals controlled Paris by
1. Setting up barricades
2. Firing upon soldiers
3. Pelting soldiers with stones


Charles X abdicated the throne and fled Paris



Radicals wanted to set up a republic
Moderate liberals wanted a constitutional
monarchy
Louis Philippe was chosen as king; he was
chosen by the lower house of the French
legislature



Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X
Citizen King because he owed his throne to
the people
Got along well with the liberal bourgeoisie
Under his rule the upper bourgeoisie
prospered
1. Suffrage extended to France’s wealthier
citizens
2. Created policies that favored the middle
class
3. Lower class / working class still not
represented


Radicals unhappy with France in the 1840’s

Secret societies pushed for a Republic


Utopian socialists called for an end to private
ownership
Liberals called for an end to Louis Philippe’s
government; called for expansion of suffrage

A recession ignited the flames of revolution

Factories shut down / people lost jobs

Poor harvests caused rising bread prices

Government officials receive the blame

Government took steps to end the ridicule

Angry mobs took to the streets


As the turmoil spread Louis Philippe
abdicated
The birth of the Second Republic
Second Republic the works of a group
1. Liberal
2. Radical
3. Socialist


1.
Socialists wanted to help the hungry and
working classes
Established national workshops; provided
jobs for the unemployed



Upper and middle class’s win control over the
government; shut down national workshops
Angry workers take to the streets of Paris and
riot (“Bread or Lead!”)
Bourgeoisie Liberals responded with violence;
peasants who feared socialist would take
their land, attacked the rioting workers

Nearly 1,500 people were killed before the
government shut down the rebellion
Aftermath
1. Middle class feared and distrusted those to
the left
2. working class had a deep hatred for the
bourgeoisie

By the end of 1848 the National Assembly
1. Issued a constitution for the Second
Republic
2. Created a strong president
3. Established a one-house legislature
4. Allowed suffrage to all adult men (9 million
men, before 200,000)


1.
2.
Presidential election winner = Louis
Napoleon; nephew of Napoleon Bonapate
Attracted the working class; presented
himself as someone who cared about social
issues (poverty)
Liked by conservatives because of his
historical name



By 1852 he proclaimed himself emperor;
calling himself Napoleon III
Used a plebiscite to win public approval as
justification for taking power
90% of voters approved the move to establish
the Second Empire


Paris inspires uprisings to break out
elsewhere in Europe
“When France Sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
– Metternich

1830, Belgians resented the arrangement that
placed them and Holland under the Dutch King
made at the COV
Belgians and Dutch separated by
1. Language
2. Religions (Catholic / Protestants)
3. Economic interests (manufacturing / trade)


After learning about the revolutions in France
of 1830, Belgians revolutionary spirit is ignited



Students and workers barricaded the streets
of Brussels, and turned to violence versus
soldiers
The Dutch King turned to his partners of the
COV for help
Britain and France knew this revolt would
disrupt the boundaries set at COV but would
benefit more by having an independent
Belgium and Holland


Other COV countries; Austria, Prussia and
Russia were too busy putting down revolts of
their own to aid the Dutch King
1831Belgium becomes an independent state
with a liberal constitution



Poles join to forge a nationalist uprising
Unlike the Belgians, Poles were unable to
declare their independence
Most of Poland landed under the was under
Russian rule because of the COV


French Revolution of 1848 unleashed a wave
of revolution across Europe
Time for opponents of the old order to make
a stand, “springtime of the peoples.”

Grievances had been piling up for years in Europe
1.
Middle-class liberals wanted a greater share of
political power for themselves
2.
Middle-class liberals wanted protections for
basic rights of all citizens
3.
Workers demanded relief from the miseries of
the Industrial Revolution
4.
Nationalists wanted independence from foreign
oppression

Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire

Leading voice in the COV

Revolts break out in Vienna (Austria)
1.
Students supported by workers took to the
streets rioting
2.
Demanded liberal reforms
3.
Metternich resigned his post as minister

Revolts in Austria spread to Budapest and
Prague

Nationalist demanded an independent
government from the empire

Wanted an end of serfdom and wanted a written
constitution

Made gains, but they were temporary

Austrian troops regained re-took control of
Vienna and Prague

Nationalist uprising begins in Italy

Italy was controlled by the Austrian Empire

Nationalists goals were linked to liberal reforms
and established new republics

Workers wanted to push the reforms further

Austrian troops but an end to revolts, and put
things back to the way they were before the
revolutions

University students demanded national unity
and liberal reform

Famine leaves workers and peasants angry
and hungry

There were many divisions amongst
reformers

Finally offered the King of Prussia Frederick
William IV the crown of a united Germany



Frederick William IV rejected the crown
because it was offered by the people
1849 – assembly dissolved by Prussian army
Middle class reformers and radical reformers
clash; hundred killed, many more hundreds
put in jail
Section 3 Latin American Wars of
Independence

By the late 1700’s the revolutionary fever that
gripped Western Europe spread to Latin
America
Discontent existed amongst
1. Social
2. Racial
3. Political systems

Peninsulares
1. Spanish born
2. Dominated Latin America political and social
life
3. Were the only group that could hold to jobs
in the government and church

Creoles
1. Europeans – descendents of Latin Americans
2. Owned haciendas (large estate, plantation),
ranches, and mines
3. Bitterly resented their second class status

Mestizos
1. People of Native American and European
decent


1.

Mulattoes
People of African and European decent
Angry at being denied the status, wealth
and power that was only available to whites

1700’s educated Creoles read the works of Enlightened
thinkers
1.
Watched the American Revolution and the colonist
overthrow British rule
2.
Read translations of the Declaration of Independence
and the U.S. Constitution
3.
Women participated in the exchange of ideas, and held
solons (tertulias)
4.
Inspired by the ideals of “liberty, equality and fraternity”
5.
Inspired but reluctant to act on ideals

Haiti was France’s most prized possession
French planters owned profitable sugar
plantations
1. Labor intensive
2. Worked by nearly 500,000 African Slaves


Haiti also had mulattoes; 25,000 free, but
not equal to French creoles



1790’s in France the debate over ways to
abolish slavery in the West Indies were being
had
1791 – Inspired by the rhetoric of the
Enlightenment, Haiti’s slaves exploded in
revolt
Leader of the rebellion Toussaint L Ouverture
Toussaint L Ouverture
1. Self educated
2. Untrained, but a brilliant general
3. Inspiring commander
4. “We are fighting so that liberty- the most
precious of all earthly possessions – may
not perish


Struggle was long and complex
Toussaints army of former slaves faced off
versus
1. Mulattoes and French planters
2. French, Spanish and British armies


1798 Rebels win! Haitians freed, but still a
French colony

1802 – Napoleon is in power of France

Sends an army to conquer Haiti


Toussaint encourages Haitians to fight for full
Independence
French forces stricken with yellow fever and
are forced to agree to a truce



Toussaint captured by French and dies in a
French Prison
Haitians still fight on, win independence from
France, declare independence in 1804
1820 – Haiti becomes a republic